1. Week 2: Chapter 3 Molecules of Life

2. Outline Chemistry of Carbon –Role of Carbon –7 Functional Groups –Examples Molecules –Polymer Concept Sugars and Polysaccharides Lipids Amino Acids and Proteins Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids

3. Organic Chemistry Chemistry of Carbon Carbon has valence # of 4

4. Carbon Chains and Rings Chains Rings C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C

5. Functional Groups C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C CH 3 OH HO C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C CH 3 OH O Estrogen Testosterone

6. Six Functional Groups Hydroxyl Keto Methyl Carboxyl Amino Group Phosphate Group Structure? Hydrophilic?

7. OH Hydroxyl O Keto

8. CH 3 Methyl C OH O Carboxyl

9. O P OH O Phosphate N H H Amino

10. Example Structures Glucose Methionine ATP

11. Macromolecules Bio - Polymers Monomers (Subunits) Dimers Polymers Glucose Maltose Starch

12. Dehydration/Hydrolysis Reactions Hydrolysis H2OH2O (b) Breaking a polymer chain Longer polymer (a) Building a polymer chain OH H Short polymer Dehydration reaction H2OH2O OH H Monomer

13. Biomacromolecules as Polymers C C C C C OC OH HO Starch Polymer Glucose OH C C C C C OC HO Glucose C C C C C OC OH O Glucose Maltose OH C C C C C OC HO C C C C C OC OH O C C C C C OC O C C C C C OC O C C C C C OC O

14. 4 Biomolecules BiomoleculePolymerMonomer CarbohydratePolysaccharideMonosaccharide FatTriglycerideFatty Acid ProteinPolypeptideAmino Acid Nucleic AcidDNA and RNANucleotides Functions related to chemical structure

15. Carbohydrate Monosaccharides Simple Sugar Source of Carbon and Energy in Cells Glucose

16. Monosaccharides Glucose C 6 H 12 O 6 Galactose C 6 H 12 O 6 Fructose C 6 H 12 O 6 Ribose C 5 H 10 O 5 Glycerol C 3 H 6 O 3

17. Disaccharide glucose Maltose Dehydration Reaction Glucose Fructose Glucose Galactose

18. Polysaccharide Glucose

19. Lipids Fatty Acids Amphipathic

20. Saturated/Desaturated Fatty Acids

21. Triglycerides

22. Saturation and Melting Temperature

23. Effect of Triglycerides on Health Saturated Fats – LDL raised Polyunsaturated – LDL unchanged HDL lowered Monounsaturated – LDL and HDL unchanged Polyunsaturated omega-3 - reduces heart disease

24. Steriods C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C CH 3 OH HO C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C CH 3 OH O Estrogen Testosterone Cholesterol

25. Phospholipids

26. Lipid Functions Membranes – phospholipids, steroids Energy Storage – triglycerides Hormones - steroids

27. Proteins Amino Acids C CN H R H H O O H Conserved Region R group

28. Hydrophobic side group Hydrophilic side group Leucine Serine 20 Different Amino acids

29. Figure 3.17-2 Dehydration reaction CarboxylAmino Peptide bond H2OH2O OH H

30. Polypeptide

31. Protein Folding Hemoglobin

32. (a) Primary structure (b) Secondary structure Amino acids Pleated sheet Alpha helix (c) Tertiary structure Polypeptide (d) Quaternary structure A protein with four polypeptide subunits Hydrogen bond Protein Folding

33. Example Proteins

34. Figure 3.21 Protein Target

35. Figure 3.19 Normal red blood cell Sickled red blood cellSickle-cell hemoglobin Normal hemoglobin 1 2 3 4 5 6 7... 146 1 2 3 4 5 6 SEM Val His Leu Thr Pro Val Glu Val His Leu Thr Pro Glu

36. Figure 3.15 MAJOR TYPES OF PROTEINS Structural Proteins (provide support) Storage Proteins (provide amino acids for growth) Contractile Proteins (help movement) Transport Proteins (help transport substances) Enzymes (help chemical reactions)

37. Nucleic Acid Nucleotides

38. Nucleic Acid Functions ATP - nucleotide energy carrier in cell DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) – genetic material RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) – gene expression machinery

39. ATP