1. Language

2. One spatial display of language: Toponyms (place names) Toponyms is a part of cultural identity –a sense of belonging – Language is considered the unifier of cultural identity Report out on the discovery of place names

3. Indo-European Language Family Fig. 5-5: The main branches of the Indo-European language family include Germanic, Romance, Balto-Slavic, and Indo-Iranian.

4. Kurgan Theory of Indo-European Origin Fig. 5-9: In the Kurgan theory, Proto-Indo-European diffused from the Kurgan hearth north of the Caspian Sea, beginning about 7000 years ago.

5. Anatolian Hearth Theory of Indo- European Origin Fig. 5-10: In the Anatolian hearth theory, Indo-European originated in Turkey before the Kurgans and diffused through agricultural expansion.

6. Germanic Branch of Indo-European Fig. 5-6: The Germanic branch today is divided into North and West Germanic groups. English is in the West Germanic group.

7. Invasions of England 5 th - 11 th centuries Fig. 5-2: The groups that brought what became English to England included Jutes, Angles, Saxons, and Vikings. The Normans later brought French vocabulary to English.

8. English Speaking Countries Fig. 5-1: English is an official language in 50 countries, including some in which it is not the most widely spoken language. It is also used and understood in many others.

10. Official Language Empires led to hierarchical diffusion - introduced language becomes an official language. Official language – a language designated for business, education, and government A language usually becomes official after serving as an unofficial lingua franca Lingua franca is a mutually understood language used as default communication e.g. trade

11. E-Commerce Languages 2000 & 2004 Fig 5-1.2: English and English- speaking countries still dominate e-commerce, but other languages are growing rapidly.

12. Official Language English – 40 countries French – 27 Arabic – 21 Spanish – 20 Some countries have multiple official languages: Switzerland – French, German, Italian, Romansh Belgium – Flemish (North – Flanders), French (South – Wallonia), German

13. Language Divisions in Belgium Fig. 5-16: There has been much tension in Belgium between Flemings, who live in the north and speak Flemish, a Dutch dialect, and Walloons, who live in the south and speak French.

14. Language Areas in Switzerland Fig. 5-17: Switzerland remains peaceful with four official languages and a decentralized government structure.

15. Official Language Canada – French, English Paraguay – Guarani, Spanish Guyana – Caribbean Hindustani, English

16. French-English Boundary in Canada Fig. 5-18: Although Canada is bilingual, French speakers are concentrated in the province of Quebec, where 80% of the population speaks French.

17. Language Complexity - Region

18. Language complexity –Africa Nations adopted foreign colonial language to unite diverse speakers

19. Language Complexity - Nigeria 3 Language families 15 major local languages 230 lesser local languages English is no one’s native tongue, but used in all education Mainstream acceptance requires tri-lingualism (control Yoruba, Hausa, and Ibo power struggle)

20. Languages of Nigeria Fig. 5-15: More than 200 languages are spoken in Nigeria, the largest country in Africa (by population). English, considered neutral, is the official language.

22. Dialects Recognizable variants of speech (usually ethnic or regional) Differences in vocabulary, syntax, pronunciation, cadence, and pace Dialect chains (similarities to regions close in proximity) Remember: (Vernacular is everyday folk talk)

23. Dialects in the Eastern U.S. Fig. 5-4: Hans Kurath divided the eastern U.S. into three dialect regions, whose distribution is similar to that of house types (Fig. 4-9).

24. Language Lingua franca – one language or a combination – Pidgin – combining parts of 2 languages in simple structure and vocabulary Examples of historic lingua franca – 1200s – Frankish (sea traders in Med.) – Arabic – Islamic Expansion – English – British colonialism

25. Lingua franca today: – English in India – Swahili (Bantu & Arabic/Persian) in East Africa When a pidgin language becomes native tongue of locals it is creolized – Many on the edge of developed society Afrikaans, French Creole in Haiti, Mauritius, Jamaica

26. Why do people preserve local languages? – Lost languages article from the Post – Language extinction and Revival – Emerging languages Spanglish, Denglish, Franglais Isolated Languages: geographic isolation – Indigenous people – Icelandic, the Basques