2. Section 1 The BIG Idea Competition Among Countries Europeans began exploring the world in the 1400s, and several nations experienced economic heights through worldwide trade.

3. Five European powers, led by Portugal and Spain, engaged in an age of exploration. All rose to new economic heights. Motives for European exploration include “God, glory, and gold” Motives and Means

4. –Religious zeal – Explorers such as Hernán Cortés were interested in sharing the Catholic faith with native peoples. –Economic interests – Europeans wanted to expand trade and locate spices and precious metals –There was an increased desire for grandeur, glory, and the spirit of adventure.

6. Portugal took the lead in European exploration under the leadership of Prince Henry the Navigator. Portuguese ships traveled along the western coast of Africa, finding gold and other goods. A Race for Riches

7. The Portuguese captured the important port city of Melaka on the Malay Peninsula, which enabled the Portuguese to control the spice trade that had been dominated by Arab traders. Vasco de Gama traveled around the Cape of Good Hope, the southern tip of Africa, and landed in India in 1498

8. The Portuguese used seamanship, guns, and treaties to control the spice trade. However, they did not have the people, wealth, or desire to expand their empire in Asia. Christopher Columbus was an explorer who sailed for Spain. Columbus searched for a western route to Asia and landed at Cuba and Hispaniola in 1492.

9. The Spanish explorer Ferdinand Magellan sailed around the tip of South America and into the Pacific Ocean. Magellan is credited with being the first person to circumnavigate the globe. In 1494, Portugal and Spain signed the Treaty of Tordesillas, separating control of the newly discovered lands.

10. John Cabot, a Venetian, explored the New England coastline of the Americas for England. The writings of Amerigo Vespucci, a Florentine mapmaker, led to the use of the name “America” for the newly discovered lands in the western hemisphere.

11. The Spanish conquistadors established an overseas empire in the Americas.conquistadorsoverseas In 1519 Hernán Cortés and his Spanish allies were welcomed into Tenochtitlán by the Aztec monarch Montezuma. The Spanish were expelled from the city one year later. The Spanish Empire

12. When the Spaniards left, smallpox devastated the Aztec capital. The Spanish returned and captured the city, and the Aztec Empire was destroyed. The Spanish Empire In 1530 Francisco Pizarro led an expedition into the Inca Empire. Like the Aztec, the Incas were no match for Spanish disease, guns, and horses.

13. The Spanish Empire Pizarro established a new capital for the Spanish colony at Lima. The Spanish used a system of colonial administration called the encomienda system— the right of landowners to use Native Americans as laborers. encomienda Spanish landowners could use Native Americans for labor in return for protection and converting them to Christianity.

14. Native American political and social structures were torn apart and replaced by European systems of religion, language, and government. The exchange of plants, animals, and disease between Europe and the Americas is known as the Columbian Exchange.Columbian Exchange

15. The Dutch formed the East India Company to compete with the English and Portuguese for the Indian Ocean trade. The Dutch also formed the West India Company to compete with the Spanish and Portuguese in the Americas. European Rivals

16. By the early seventeen century, the Dutch established settlements in North America such as New Netherland. European Rivals In the 1600s, the French colonized parts of present-day Louisiana and regions of Canada.

17. The English began to settle the eastern seaboard of North America and islands in the Caribbean Sea. In 1664, the English seized the harbor of New Netherland from the Dutch and renamed it New York.

18. Section 2 The BIG Idea Human Rights European expansion affected Africa with the dramatic increase of the slave trade.

19. The nations of Europe created trading empires and established colonies in the Americas and in the East.colonies Colonies were an integral part of mercantilism, an economic theory based on gold and a limited amount of wealth in the world. mercantilism Trade, Colonies, and Mercantilism Colonies provided raw materials and markets for finished goods.

20. To bring in more gold, nations tried to have a favorable balance of trade and export more goods than they imported.balance of trade To encourage exports, governments granted subsidies and improved transportation systems.subsidies transportation Trade, Colonies, and Mercantilism

21. Slavery had existed since ancient times, and African slaves served as domestic servants in Southwest Asia. The demand for slaves changed dramatically with the introduction of sugarcane. Labor was needed to work the plantations where sugarcane was grown.plantations

22. Slaves became an important commodity in the triangular trade that connected Europe, Africa, and the Americas.triangular trade As many as 10 million African slaves may have been brought to the Americas between 1500 and the late 1800s.

23. One reason for the high number of exported slaves was the high mortality rate, especially during the Middle Passage, the journey across the Atlantic Ocean. Middle Passage The slave trade devastated the population of African communities near the coastal regions.

24. Some African rulers, such as King Afonso, protested but were ignored by African and European slave traders.

25. Figure 2

26. Effects of the slave trade in Africa: –depopulated areas –increased warfare –loss of the strongest and youngest men and women Effects of the Slave Trade Benin was transformed from a brilliant society into a brutal, war- ravaged region following the introduction of slavery.

27. Effects of the Slave Trade The use of enslaved Africans was widely accepted until the Society of Friends began to condemn it in the 1770s. The French abolished slavery in the 1790s; the English abolished slavery in 1807; and slavery continued in the United States until the 1860s.

28. Section 3 The BIG Idea Competition Among Countries Portugal and Spain reaped profits from the natural resources and products of their Latin American colonies.

29. In the 1500s, Portugal controlled Brazil, while Spain’s colonial possessions included parts of North America, Central America, and most of South America. The area of Central and South America became known as Latin America, and a unique social class system emerged. Colonial Empires in Latin America

31. Colonial Latin America Social Order: –Peninsulares: Spanish and Portuguese officials born in Europe; they held all important government positions.Peninsulares –Creoles: Descendants of Europeans who were born in Latin America; they controlled business and land.Creoles

32. –Mestizos: The offspring of European and Native American intermarriage.Mestizos –Mulattoes: The offspring of Africans and Europeans.Mulattoes –Conquered Native Americans and enslaved Africans.

33. Europeans utilized the Native Americans as labor. They used the encomienda system and mita to sustain a viable labor force.labormita Gold and silver from the colonies offered immediate wealth to the Europeans. Products, such as tobacco, sugar, and animal hides were traded to Europe in return for finished products.

34. To control their colonial possessions in the Americas, Portugal and Spain used governor-generals to develop a bureaucracy and carry out imperial policies. Catholic missionaries were also instrumental in converting and maintaining order within the colonial territories.

35. The Catholic Church provided an outlet other than marriage for women. Many nuns like Juana Inés de la Cruz, urged convents to educate women on subjects beyond religion.