1. Respiration, Circulatory, & Excretory Systems
Chapter 37
Circulatory System: Week 4/23 - 5/1
Respiratory System: Week 5/4 - 5/8
Excretory Systems (Kidneys): Week 5/11 - 5/14

2. Circulation System Evolution
Fish:
2-chambered heart
single circuit of blood flow
Amphibians:
3-chambered heart
2 circuits of blood flow-
Circulation is “Pulmocutaneous” (lungs and skin)
Some mixing of blood
Mammals:
4-chambered heart
Double circulation
Complete separation between oxygen-rich and oxygen poor blood

3. Circulation System Evolution

4. Key Structures of the Heart
Septum (middle of the heart)
Aorta (aortic arch)
Vena Cava
Pulmonary Arteries
Pulmonary veins
Ventricles (4)
Right Atrium (oxygen poor blood)
Left Atrium (oxygen rich blood)
Right Ventricle (oxygen poor blood)
Left Ventricle (oxygen rich blood)
Valves (4): one way attached to inner wall of the heart
Tricuspid Atrioventricular (AV) Valve
Bicuspid Atrioventricular (AV) Valve (Mitral)
Pulmonary Semilunar valve
Aortic Semilunar Valve
4 Main vessels going in & out of the heart
**Remember: “A”rteries carry blood AWAY from the heart & Veins carry blood toward the heart
**Exiting Valves

6. Internal Structure of the Heart

7. Pulmonary artery
Aorta
Pulmonary artery
Superior vena cava
LEFT ATRIUM
RIGHT ATRIUM
Pulmonary veins
Pulmonary veins
Semilunar valve
Semilunar valve
Atrioventricular valve
Atrioventricular valve
Inferior vena cava
RIGHT VENTRICLE
LEFT VENTRICLE
Figure 23.4A

8. RBC Pathway through the Circulatory System
Blood from Systemic Circuit 
Vena cava (inferior & superior)
Right atrium
 (Tricuspid valve-AV valve)
Right ventricle
 (Pulmonary semilunar valve)
Pulmonary circuit –Lungs
(P. arteries LungsP. veins)
Left atrium
 (Bicuspid “Mitral” valve)
Left Ventricle
 (Aortic semilunar valve)
Aorta
(arch, coronary, carotid, & abdominal, renal, mesenteric, iliac arteries)

9. Video#2 : “A Heart Attack” Write 10 Key Statements

10. Introductory Questions #1
The heart has four valves in it. Name them. Name the blood vessel that carries oxygen poor blood from the heart to the lungs to pick up more oxygen.
Name the two large veins that bring blood to the heart from the rest of the body.
In your textbook (pg. 975) Name the four components of blood. What % of your blood is composed of red blood cells? What about white blood cells?

11. IQ #2 11. vessel 10. vessel 1. vessel 2. chamber 9. vessels 3. valve
Pulmonary artery
11. vessel
Aorta
10. vessel
Pulmonary artery
1. vessel
Superior vena cava
LEFT ATRIUM
2. chamber
RIGHT ATRIUM
Pulmonary veins
Pulmonary veins
9. vessels
3. valve
Semilunar valve
Semilunar valve
8. valve
Atrioventricular valve
7. valve
Atrioventricular valve
4. vessel
Inferior vena cava
5. chamber
RIGHT VENTRICLE
6. chamber
LEFT VENTRICLE
Figure 23.4A

12. Observation of a Cow’s Heart
Make a drawing of your section you received-ID it as the anterior or posterior section.
Make labels and pin your specimen
Include these labels on your drawing.
Optional-Take a picture of your labeled specimen.
Labels:
-Septum -Left & Right Ventricle
-Left & Right Atrium -Aorta
-AV valve (tricuspid & Bicuspid)
-Semilunar valve (pulmonary & aortic)

13. Video #1: Circulation: River of Life (Ch. 37.2)
What is the primary function of the circulatory system?
How is an open circulatory system different a closed? Give an example of an organism that has an open circulatory system.
How is a vein different from an artery? Give two differences.
Name FOUR chambers and the four valves within the heart.
**Write the title for this segment and give FIVE statements.

14. 11. vessel 10. vessel 1. vessel 2. chamber 9. vessels 3. valve
Pulmonary artery
11. vessel
Aorta
10. vessel
Pulmonary artery
1. vessel
Superior vena cava
LEFT ATRIUM
2. chamber
RIGHT ATRIUM
Pulmonary veins
9. vessels
Pulmonary veins
3. valve
Semilunar valve
8. valve
Semilunar valve
Atrioventricular valve
7. valve
Atrioventricular valve
4. vessel
Inferior vena cava
5. chamber
RIGHT VENTRICLE
6. chamber
LEFT VENTRICLE
Figure 23.4A

15. What is a heart attack?
A heart attack is damage that occurs when a coronary feeding the heart is blocked
Aorta
Right coronary artery
Left coronary artery
Blockage
Dead muscle tissue
Figure 23.8A

16. Reading Assignment
Using the handout read and review some of the key aspects of the circulatory system.
On a separate sheet paper answer Questions on Pgs 25 & 26 from the second handout.

17. Label & Color your Hear Diagram
Be sure to use RED for all areas that contains oxygen rich blood and BLUE for areas with oxygen poor blood.
All valves must be correctly labeled

18. Posterior view of the Heart

19. Valves within the Heart

20. Double Circulation
From right ventricle to lungs via pulmonary arteries through semilunar valve (pulmonary circulation)
Capillary beds in lungs to left atrium via pulmonary veins
Left atrium to left ventricle (through atrioventricular valve) to aorta
Aorta to coronary arteries; then systemic circulation
Back to heart via two venae cavae (superior and inferior); right atrium

22. Introductory Questions #1
The heart has four valves in it. Name them. Name the blood vessel that carries oxygen poor blood from the heart to the lungs to pick up more oxygen.
Name the two large veins that bring blood to the heart from the rest of the body.
In your textbook (pg. 975) Name the four components of blood. What % of your blood is composed of red blood cells? What about white blood cells?

23. NUMBER (per mm3 of blood)
Pg. 880
Withdraw blood
Centrifuge
Place in tube
PLASMA 55%
CONSTITUENT
MAJOR FUNCTIONS
CELLULAR ELEMENTS 45%
Solvent for carrying other substances
CELL TYPE
NUMBER (per mm3 of blood)
FUNCTIONS
Water
Erythrocytes (red blood cells)
Salts
5–6 million
Transport of oxygen (and carbon dioxide)
Sodium
Potassium
Calcium
Magnesium
Chloride
Bicarbonate
Osmotic balance, pH buffering, and regulation of membrane permeability
Leukocytes (white blood cells)
Defense and immunity
5,000–10,000
Plasma proteins
Albumin
Fibrinogen
Immunoglobins (antibodies)
Osmotic balance, pH buffering
Clotting
Immunity
Lymphocyte
Basophil
Eosinophil
Substances transported by blood
Monocyte
Nutrients (e.g., glucose, fatty acids, vitamins)
Waste products of metabolism
Respiratory gases (O2 and CO2)
Hormones
Neutrophil
Platelets
250,000– 400,000
Blood clotting
Figure 23.13

24. IQ #2 11. vessel 10. vessel 1. vessel 2. chamber 9. vessels 3. valve
Pulmonary artery
11. vessel
Aorta
10. vessel
Pulmonary artery
1. vessel
Superior vena cava
LEFT ATRIUM
2. chamber
RIGHT ATRIUM
Pulmonary veins
Pulmonary veins
9. vessels
3. valve
Semilunar valve
Semilunar valve
8. valve
Atrioventricular valve
7. valve
Atrioventricular valve
4. vessel
Inferior vena cava
5. chamber
RIGHT VENTRICLE
6. chamber
LEFT VENTRICLE
Figure 23.4A

25. Introductory Questions #3
Name the cell fragments that aide in the process of blood clotting. (pg. 977)
What substances are found in the plasma of blood? (pg. 975)
Name the proteins that are found on the surface of red blood cells.

26. Introductory Questions #4
Give three differences between arteries and veins.
Why must blood slow down as it reaches a capillary bed?
Where in the heart is the “pacemaker” and what role does it serve?

27. The Heart Contracts and Relaxes Rhythmically1
Heart is relaxed. AV valves are open.
Diastole
Blood flows from the veins into the heart chambers 2
Atria contract.
Systole
The atria briefly contract and fill the ventricles with blood
Then the ventricles contract and propel blood out
SYSTOLE
0.1 sec 3
Ventricles contract. Semilunar valves are open.
0.3 sec
0.4 sec
DIASTOLE
Figure 23.6

28. The Heartbeat
Sinoatrial (SA) node (“pacemaker”): sets rate and timing of cardiac contraction by generating electrical signals
Atrioventricular (AV) node: relay point (0.1 second delay) spreading impulse to walls of ventricles
Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)

29. Velocity of Blood Aorta: 30cm/sec on average Capillary: 0.026 cm/sec
Change is caused by the Law of Continuity
As a pipe’s diameter narrows, the flow rate increases
The total cross-sectional area of the capillaries determines flow rate
Each artery branches extensively to an enormous number of capillaries that has a huge cross sectional area that is much greater than the artery, so the flow rate is slowed.

30. No substance has to diffuse far to enter or leave a cell
Capillary
Diffusion of molecules
INTERSTITIAL FLUID
Tissue cell
Figure 23.1B

31. NUMBER (per mm3 of blood)
Pg. 880
Withdraw blood
Centrifuge
Place in tube
PLASMA 55%
CONSTITUENT
MAJOR FUNCTIONS
CELLULAR ELEMENTS 45%
Solvent for carrying other substances
CELL TYPE
NUMBER (per mm3 of blood)
FUNCTIONS
Water
Erythrocytes (red blood cells)
Salts
5–6 million
Transport of oxygen (and carbon dioxide)
Sodium
Potassium
Calcium
Magnesium
Chloride
Bicarbonate
Osmotic balance, pH buffering, and regulation of membrane permeability
Leukocytes (white blood cells)
Defense and immunity
5,000–10,000
Plasma proteins
Albumin
Fibrinogen
Immunoglobins (antibodies)
Osmotic balance, pH buffering
Clotting
Immunity
Lymphocyte
Basophil
Eosinophil
Substances transported by blood
Monocyte
Nutrients (e.g., glucose, fatty acids, vitamins)
Waste products of metabolism
Respiratory gases (O2 and CO2)
Hormones
Neutrophil
Platelets
250,000– 400,000
Blood clotting
Figure 23.13

32. SSR Guide for Presenters
Give your name
Hold up the your source
FIVE key points with a brief summary of what you read.
The rest of us need to write points discussed in the SSR boxes on your cover sheet.

33. Assignment Packet Cover sheet Circulatory System Handout Questions
Video Notes (x3)
Heart Diagram (ID &* Color)
Mini-lab Activity: Cow’s Heart (w/stamp)

34. Introductory Questions #1
What type of instrument is used to measure a person’s blood pressure? Why is knowing a person’s blood pressure important?
What is “normal” or average blood pressure at rest? What about heart rate?
What does the top number and bottom number represent when reading blood pressure?

35. Pressure is highest in the arteries
Systolic pressure
Diastolic pressure
It drops to zero by the time the blood reaches the veins
Relative sizes and numbers of blood vessels
Figure 23.9A

36. Velocity of Blood Aorta: 30cm/sec on average Capillary: 0.026 cm/sec
Change is caused by the Law of Continuity
As a pipe’s diameter narrows, the flow rate increases
The total cross-sectional area of the capillaries determines flow rate
Each artery branches extensively to an enormous number of capillaries that has a huge cross sectional area that is much greater than the artery, so the flow rate is slowed.

37. Blood Vessel Structural Differences
Capillaries
•endothelium; basement
membrane
Arteries
•thick connective tissue; thick smooth muscle; endothelium; basement membrane
Veins •thin connective tissue; thin smooth muscle; endothelium; basement membrane

38. Match the Blood Vessels with its location in the Body
Carotid artery Heart
Jugular vein Liver
Coronary Stomach
Hepatic Kidney
Renal Neck (2)
Iliac Arm
Brachial Thigh
Femoral Pelvic
Gastric

39. Measuring Blood Pressure can Reveal Cardiovascular Problems
Blood pressure is measured as systolic and diastolic pressures
Sphygmomanometer
Blood pressure 120 systolic 80 diastolic (to be measured)
Pressure in cuff above 120
Pressure in cuff below 120
Pressure in cuff below 80
Rubber cuff inflated with air
Sounds audible in stethoscope
Sounds stop
Artery
Artery closed 2 3 4 1
Figure 23.10

40. Lab Activity-Measuring Blood Pressure & Heart Rate
Answer to Part A (Fill in Blanks)
Arterial
Systolic
Diastolic
Heart
Blood pressure
Spygmomanometer
Mm Hg
Pulse pressure (40mmHg)
Brachial

41. Today’s Activities Start IQ #3 ****stamp Hmwk: Pg. 974 #1-4
Discuss the homework
Discuss Lab Questions from yesterday
Lect/Disc: Respiratory system
Answer IQ #2 & IQ #3
**Begin Video #1: The Respiratory System

42. Introductory Questions #3
Name the two types of muscles that allow you to breath in and out. (pg. 973)
When a person inhales, what happens to the diaphragm? What about when you exhale?
When the space in the chest cavity (volume) increases which way does the air move? The textbook states that it creates a slight ____________. (see pg. 974)

43. Introductory Questions #2
Reading pg. 971 (Ch. 37), place these terms in the correct order that tracks air as you breath:
-Pharynx -nose & mouth -bronchi
-alveoli -bronchioles -trachea
How does your body protect itself from the millions of particles in the air as you breath? (see pg. 972)
What are the tiny alveoli sacs surrounded by?

44. Mammalian Respiratory Systems
Bronchi (tube to lungs)
Bronchioles
Alveoli (air sacs)
Diaphragm (breathing muscle)
Larynx (upper part of respiratory tract)
Vocal cords (sound production)
Trachea (windpipe)

45. The bronchioles end in clusters of tiny sacs called alveoli
Alveoli form the respiratory surface of the lungs
Oxygen diffuses through the thin walls of the alveoli into the blood
Figure 22.6C
Oxygen-rich blood
Oxygen-poor blood
Bronchiole
Alveoli
Blood capillaries
Figure 22.6B

46. Breathing Positive pressure breathing: pushes air into lungs (frog)
Negative pressure breathing: pulls air into lungs (mammals)
Inhalation: diaphragm contraction; Exhalation: diaphragm relaxation
Tidal volume: amount of air inhaled and exhaled with each breath (500ml)
Vital capacity: maximum tidal volume during forced breathing Regulation: CO2 concentration in blood (medulla oblongata)

47. The Thoracic Cavity

48. Smoking causes lung cancer and contributes to heart disease
Smoking also causes emphysema
Cigarette smoke makes alveoli brittle, causing them to rupture
This reduces the lungs’ capacity for gas exchange
Figure 22.7A, B

49. Video: Gas Exchange

50. The human respiratory system
Nasal cavity
Pharynx
(Esophagus)
Left lung
Larynx
Trachea
Right lung
Bronchus
Bronchiole
Diaphragm
(Heart)
Figure 22.6A

51. Video #1: The Respiratory System
Name (2) factors that affect the rate of gas Exchange.
What does Dr. Karen Martin discuss and review?
Name the two organisms used in explaining how air can be stored for long periods of time when diving.
Dr. Christopher Cooper discusses the process of ________
How is gas exchange different in a unicellular organism vs. a multicellular?
Name (2) challenges faced by larger body sizes
**Write the title for each segment and FIVE statements for each segment.

52. Volumes for Air Exchange
Vital Capacity: cm Breath out all the air you can
Tidal volume: cm Normal breath
Inspirational reserve: 3000 cm Excess air you can still breath in
Residual air left over: cm (cannot be forced out)
*Lungs will collapse, alveoli require this amount of air at all times.

53. During exercise, the CO2 level in the blood rises, lowering the blood pH
This triggers a cascade of events
Brain
Cerebrospinal fluid
BREATHING CONTROL CENTERS—stimulated by:
Pons
Medulla
CO2 increase / pH decrease in blood
Nerve signal indicating low O2 level
Nerve signals trigger contraction of muscles
O2 sensor in artery
Diaphragm
Figure 22.9
Rib muscles

54. Introductory Questions #2
Reading pg. 971 (Ch. 37), place these terms in the correct order that tracks air as you breath:
-Pharynx -nose & mouth -bronchi
-alveoli -bronchioles -trachea
How does your body protect itself from the millions of particles in the air as you breath? (see pg. 972)
What are the tiny alveoli sacs surrounded by?

55. Introductory Questions #3
Name the two types of muscles that allow you to breath in and out. (pg. 973)
When a person inhales, what happens to the diaphragm? What about when you exhale?
When the space in the chest cavity (volume) increases which way does the air move? The textbook states that it creates a slight ____________. (see pg. 974)

56. NUMBER (per mm3 of blood)
Pg. 880
Withdraw blood
Centrifuge
Place in tube
PLASMA 55%
CONSTITUENT
MAJOR FUNCTIONS
CELLULAR ELEMENTS 45%
Solvent for carrying other substances
CELL TYPE
NUMBER (per mm3 of blood)
FUNCTIONS
Water
Erythrocytes (red blood cells)
Salts
5–6 million
Transport of oxygen (and carbon dioxide)
Sodium
Potassium
Calcium
Magnesium
Chloride
Bicarbonate
Osmotic balance, pH buffering, and regulation of membrane permeability
Leukocytes (white blood cells)
Defense and immunity
5,000–10,000
Plasma proteins
Albumin
Fibrinogen
Immunoglobins (antibodies)
Osmotic balance, pH buffering
Clotting
Immunity
Lymphocyte
Basophil
Eosinophil
Substances transported by blood
Monocyte
Nutrients (e.g., glucose, fatty acids, vitamins)
Waste products of metabolism
Respiratory gases (O2 and CO2)
Hormones
Neutrophil
Platelets
250,000– 400,000
Blood clotting
Figure 23.13

57. Introductory Questions #4
Name the flap of cartilage that covers the entrance to the trachea when you swallow food. (see pg. 971)
Where does the actual exchange (diffusion) of O2 and CO2 gases occur? Why does it occur at this place?
Which part of the brain controls the rate and depth of breathing by sending impulses (signals) to the diaphragm and rib muscles?

58. Answers to Handouts Pg 28
Q1) Veins Carry blood to the heart at low pressure
Q2) a. Draw diagram with these labels: (see pgs )
-lumen, endothelium, Elastic fibers & smooth muscle
b. Arteries: thicker, more elastic, usually has O2 rich blood, small lumen, high pressure
c. Veins thin wall (low pressure) vs. arteries which have thicker walls (high pressure)
Q3) a. Diagram drawn from reading handout A. Vein B. Artery
b. Valve (one-way)
c. Function: to prevent backflow of blood (keeping blood moving forward)
d. The Heart
e. Draw arrows on your diagram showing the flow of blood
f. Skeletal muscle contraction
g. Contractions of the heart (ventricles)
h. Both have a lume, smooth muscle and an endothelium for the walls
Q4) a. exchange nutrients, oxygen and carbon dioxide
b. Structure of a capillary is very thin, only a few cells make it up, This makes it very “leaky” permeable for substance to move in and out.

59. Answers to Handouts Pg 29
Q1)
Q2)
Q3)
Q4)