1. Social and Gender Equity Gauge Assessing gender equity in the water sector in South Asia

2. Background So far scattered references, impressions and a few studies indicating gender inequities which have not created an impact on policy or intervention

3. Objectives Develop a policy tool that helps in building a gender/caste/class disaggregated data base for example on a) access to water and associated resources like land, credit, skills, b) voice in decision making c) nature of work and time spent in water related activities in the productive and the reproductive sphere d) costs and benefits across social groups from public expenditures on water programmes e) varying impacts at the micro and macro levels as a result of lack of access to water, decision making- on their time, health, self esteem etc.

4. Indicators…1 Levels of contestationIndicators Resources and Rightsa) Access and control over productive resources This refers to productive resources such as land, water, credit that are crucial for both positive livelihood outcomes as well as for bargaining for better and secure social status. b) Gender division of water work Understanding the gendered work pattern of work around water which is indicative of how easy or difficult access to the resource is. c) Water pricing and cost recovery issues Affordable water as a basic right becomes crucial in the gender poverty water linkages. It is one of the key determiners of access/control over water Rules, norms and lawsUnderstanding the water policy contexts, the laws and the informal rules and norms that govern access to water

5. Indicators…2 Authoritiesa) Institutions Largely the water related institutions like the Water Users Associations (WUAs) but also other local institutions, which have implications on women’s empowerment process. Here we would focus on looking at profile of members, who decides membership criteria, distribution and allocation rules b) Nature of participation Nature of participation is also determined by how roles within institutions are delineated. Here we would try to understand the quality of participation and how and whether it contributes to women’s empowerment and water management practices. c) Skills and Capabilities Knowledge has a critical role to play in the meaningful use of resources and strengthening the resource rights. It creates an ability to influence opinion regarding both access as well as decision making around rules and regulations Knowledge discourses What shapes the understanding around water? How are policy makers informed? What governs whether water should be seen as an economic good, a human right etc become concerns of ideology

6. Tools/methods Household questionnaire Focus group discussions Spatial mapping Collection of secondary data Field observations

7. Our sample Village selection criteria No of households in village: between 100 to 500 SC population: 15% and above

8. Caste inequities in resource ownership Caste LandownershipLivestock ownershipWater Source ownership Total own landlandlessYesNoYesNo Open88.4111.5982.3217.6865.2434.76164 OBC57.1442.8671.4328.5742.8657.1442 SC62.8637.1457.1442.8625.7174.2970 ST40.0060.0050.00 20.0080.0010 DT75.0025.0075.0025.0075.0025.008 NT78.5721.4371.4328.5757.1442.8614 Muslim75.0025.0050.00 16.6783.3312 Total75.9424.0672.5027.5050.3149.69320

9. Women’s ownership to land in landowning households

10. Inequities in associated technology Ownership of water related equipment OpenOBCSCSTDTNTMuslimTotal No equipment 23.1740.4858.57602521.435035 Electric pump 57.3233.3324.293037.557.1416.6744.06 Storage tank 50.6142.8614.29105042.8616.6738.75 Private tap 14.0216.6727.140507.1416.6717.5 Diesel pump 6.17.141.43025016.675.63 Pipeline 7.322.3800014.2904.69 Generator 02.38000000.31 HH covered 16442701081412320

11. Domestic water and sanitation

12. Access to water Caste wise average water access (lpcd)

13. Water consumption pattern across castes Water consumption categories OpenOBCSCSTDTNTMuslimTotal 1 to 20 3.0511.95.712012.508.335.63 20 to 39 30.4928.5742.86305028.572533.13 40 2.444.764.29012.57.148.333.75 40 to 80 29.8830.9535.715012.535.7158.3332.81 80 to 100 13.4114.294.2900009.69 100 to 200 13.414.767.14012.528.57010.63 200 to 300 1.834.76000001.56 300 to 400 1.830000000.94 400 to 500 1.830000000.94 More than 500 1.830000000.94 No of HH covered 16442701081412320

14. Public sources Source dependence OpenOBCSCSTDTNTMuslimTotal Self owned private 26.8314.297.14012.528.578.3319.06 Others owned private sources 23.1719.0525.7130021.438.3322.19 Public sources 32.9361.961.435087.542.8666.6746.56 River 1.2201.43007.1401.25 Self private and other private 1.8301.4300001.25 Self private and public 3.662.38000002.19 Public and other private 7.932.382.86200016.676.25 Public and river 2.440000001.25 No of HH covered 16442701081412320

15. Sanitation

16. Irrigation

17. Access to irrigation Caste categoryIrrigatedNon irrigatedBoth No of land owning HH Open36.5517.9345.52145 OBC45.8316.6737.5024 SC13.6463.6422.7344 ST75.0025.000.004 DT50.000.0050.006 NT36.3618.1845.4511 Muslim33.3355.5611.119 Total34.1627.1638.68243

20. Water related work

21. Chart 4: Person fetching water, percentage of households

22. Time and distance Source ownershipDistance (meters)Time (hours) Self private780.30 Others private2801.33 Public3141.07 River360.50

23. Utilisation of water-non paid work WorkCookingWashing utensilsWashing Clothes Female99.7 Male0.3 Both0.0 No response0.0 Total HH covered320

24. Non paid work: Water for production Who does the work PloughingSowingWeedingHarvestingSelling farm products Supervision of labour Male44.0358.851.232.8874.4929.63 Female0.000.8269.9635.802.4727.98 Both0.414.5320.9951.852.4711.11 Rent51.4431.692.884.120.00 Not Applicable4.12 4.945.3520.5831.28 Total100.00

25. Costs borne by women Average distance traveled for fetching water (km)0.18 Average time spent in fetching water from one main source (in hours)1 Average time spent in utilising water for domestic needs- (cooking, cleaning utensils, washing vessels) hours5.6

26. Participation in water institutions Participation: important as indicator from point of view of access In our villages lack of participation among women as well as men In all domestic water, irrigation and watershed related institutions

27. Summary of findings Caste Owners hip of Well/bor e well More than 40 lpcd water availabl e Average water availabl e (lpcd) Sanitat ion access Land ownersh ip Irrigat ed land (amon g total lando wners Water equipm ent (motor pump, pipeline etc) Participa tion in committe esTotal Open65.2466.469042.0788.4182.0776.830.61164 OBC42.8659.525845.2457.1483.3359.524.7642 SC25.7151.434848.5762.8636.3641.430.0070 ST20.0050.003420.0040.0075.0040.000.0010 DT75.0037.504162.5075.00100.0075.000.008 NT57.1471.438128.5778.5781.8278.570.0014 Muslim16.6766.674158.3375.0044.4450.008.3312 Total50.3161.257143.7575.9472.8464.691.25320