1. 1 What is Ecology? copyright cmassengale

2. 2 Organisms and Their Environment copyright cmassengale

3. 3 What is Ecology?? The study of interactions that take place between organisms and their environment.The study of interactions that take place between organisms and their environment. It explains how living organisms affect each other and the world they live in.It explains how living organisms affect each other and the world they live in. The study of interactions that take place between organisms and their environment.The study of interactions that take place between organisms and their environment. It explains how living organisms affect each other and the world they live in.It explains how living organisms affect each other and the world they live in. copyright cmassengale

4. 4 Habitat & Niche Habitat is the place a plant or animal livesHabitat is the place a plant or animal lives Niche is an organism’s total way of lifeNiche is an organism’s total way of life Habitat is the place a plant or animal livesHabitat is the place a plant or animal lives Niche is an organism’s total way of lifeNiche is an organism’s total way of life copyright cmassengale

5. 5 The Nonliving Environment Abiotic factors- the nonliving parts of an organism’s environment.Abiotic factors- the nonliving parts of an organism’s environment. Examples include air currents, temperature, moisture, light, and soil.Examples include air currents, temperature, moisture, light, and soil. Abiotic factors affect an organism’s life.Abiotic factors affect an organism’s life. Abiotic factors- the nonliving parts of an organism’s environment.Abiotic factors- the nonliving parts of an organism’s environment. Examples include air currents, temperature, moisture, light, and soil.Examples include air currents, temperature, moisture, light, and soil. Abiotic factors affect an organism’s life.Abiotic factors affect an organism’s life. copyright cmassengale

6. 6 The Living Environment Biotic factors- all the living organisms that inhabit an environment.Biotic factors- all the living organisms that inhabit an environment. All organisms depend on others directly or indirectly for food, shelter, reproduction, or protection.All organisms depend on others directly or indirectly for food, shelter, reproduction, or protection. Biotic factors- all the living organisms that inhabit an environment.Biotic factors- all the living organisms that inhabit an environment. All organisms depend on others directly or indirectly for food, shelter, reproduction, or protection.All organisms depend on others directly or indirectly for food, shelter, reproduction, or protection. copyright cmassengale

7. 7 Abiotic or Biotic? Biotic copyright cmassengale

8. 8 Abiotic or Biotic? Abiotic copyright cmassengale

9. 9 Abiotic or Biotic? Abiotic copyright cmassengale

10. 10 Abiotic or Biotic? Biotic copyright cmassengale

11. 11 Levels of Organization copyright cmassengale

12. 12 What are the Simplest Levels? AtomAtom MoleculeMolecule OrganelleOrganelle CellCell TissueTissue OrganOrgan SystemSystem AtomAtom MoleculeMolecule OrganelleOrganelle CellCell TissueTissue OrganOrgan SystemSystem copyright cmassengale

13. 13 Levels of Organization Ecologists have organized the interactions an organism takes part in into different levels according to complexity.Ecologists have organized the interactions an organism takes part in into different levels according to complexity. copyright cmassengale

14. 14 1 st Level of Organization Organism: An individual living thing that is made of cells, uses energy, reproduces, responds, grows, and developsOrganism: An individual living thing that is made of cells, uses energy, reproduces, responds, grows, and develops copyright cmassengale

15. 15 2 nd Level of Organization Population: A group of organisms, all of the same species, which interbreed and live in the same place at the same time.Population: A group of organisms, all of the same species, which interbreed and live in the same place at the same time. copyright cmassengale

16. 16 3 rd Level of Organization Biological Community: All the populations of different species that live in the same place at the same time.Biological Community: All the populations of different species that live in the same place at the same time. copyright cmassengale

17. 17 4 th Level of Organization Ecosystem: Populations of plants and animals that interact with each other in a given area with the abiotic components of that area. (terrestrial or aquatic)Ecosystem: Populations of plants and animals that interact with each other in a given area with the abiotic components of that area. (terrestrial or aquatic) copyright cmassengale

18. 18 5 th Level of Organization Biosphere: The portion of Earth that supports life.Biosphere: The portion of Earth that supports life. copyright cmassengale

19. 19 The Biosphere Life is found in air, on land, and in fresh and salt water.Life is found in air, on land, and in fresh and salt water. The BIOSPHERE is the portion of Earth that supports living things.The BIOSPHERE is the portion of Earth that supports living things. Life is found in air, on land, and in fresh and salt water.Life is found in air, on land, and in fresh and salt water. The BIOSPHERE is the portion of Earth that supports living things.The BIOSPHERE is the portion of Earth that supports living things. copyright cmassengale

20. 20 What level of organization? Organism copyright cmassengale

21. 21 What level of Organization? Community copyright cmassengale

22. 22 What level of Organization? Population copyright cmassengale

23. 23 Energy Flow in an Ecosystem copyright cmassengale

24. 24 Energy Flow Energy in an ecosystem originally comes from the sunEnergy in an ecosystem originally comes from the sun Energy flows through Ecosystems from producers to consumersEnergy flows through Ecosystems from producers to consumers –Producers (make food) –Consumers (use food by eating producers or other consumers) Energy in an ecosystem originally comes from the sunEnergy in an ecosystem originally comes from the sun Energy flows through Ecosystems from producers to consumersEnergy flows through Ecosystems from producers to consumers –Producers (make food) –Consumers (use food by eating producers or other consumers) copyright cmassengale

25. 25 ProducersProducers Sunlight is the main source of energy for most life on earth.Sunlight is the main source of energy for most life on earth. Producers contain chlorophyll & can use energy directly from the sunProducers contain chlorophyll & can use energy directly from the sun Sunlight is the main source of energy for most life on earth.Sunlight is the main source of energy for most life on earth. Producers contain chlorophyll & can use energy directly from the sunProducers contain chlorophyll & can use energy directly from the sun copyright cmassengale

26. 26 AutotrophsAutotrophs An Autotroph is any organism that can produce its own food supply!An Autotroph is any organism that can produce its own food supply! Autotrophs are also called ProducersAutotrophs are also called Producers Plants, algae, some protists, & some bacteria are examplesPlants, algae, some protists, & some bacteria are examples An Autotroph is any organism that can produce its own food supply!An Autotroph is any organism that can produce its own food supply! Autotrophs are also called ProducersAutotrophs are also called Producers Plants, algae, some protists, & some bacteria are examplesPlants, algae, some protists, & some bacteria are examples copyright cmassengale

27. 27 Niche of a Producer Captures energy and transforms it into organic, stored energy for the use of living organisms.Captures energy and transforms it into organic, stored energy for the use of living organisms. May be photoautotrophs using light energy (e.g. plants)May be photoautotrophs using light energy (e.g. plants) May be chemoautotrophs using chemical energy (e.g. cyanobacteria)May be chemoautotrophs using chemical energy (e.g. cyanobacteria) Captures energy and transforms it into organic, stored energy for the use of living organisms.Captures energy and transforms it into organic, stored energy for the use of living organisms. May be photoautotrophs using light energy (e.g. plants)May be photoautotrophs using light energy (e.g. plants) May be chemoautotrophs using chemical energy (e.g. cyanobacteria)May be chemoautotrophs using chemical energy (e.g. cyanobacteria) copyright cmassengale

28. 28 PhotoautotrophPhotoautotroph Producer That Captures Energy from the sun by: –Photosynthesis Adds Oxygen to the atmosphereAdds Oxygen to the atmosphere Removes Carbon Dioxide from the AtmosphereRemoves Carbon Dioxide from the Atmosphere Producer That Captures Energy from the sun by: –Photosynthesis Adds Oxygen to the atmosphereAdds Oxygen to the atmosphere Removes Carbon Dioxide from the AtmosphereRemoves Carbon Dioxide from the Atmosphere Algae copyright cmassengale

29. 29 On LandOn Land –Plants In The SeaIn The Sea –Algae Tidal Flats & Salt MarshesTidal Flats & Salt Marshes –Cyanobacteria On LandOn Land –Plants In The SeaIn The Sea –Algae Tidal Flats & Salt MarshesTidal Flats & Salt Marshes –Cyanobacteria Habitat of Photoautotrophs copyright cmassengale

30. 30 ChemoautotrophsChemoautotrophs Capture energy from the bonds of inorganic molecules such as Hydrogen SulfideCapture energy from the bonds of inorganic molecules such as Hydrogen Sulfide Process is called ChemosynthesisProcess is called Chemosynthesis Often occurs in deep sea vents or gut of animalsOften occurs in deep sea vents or gut of animals Capture energy from the bonds of inorganic molecules such as Hydrogen SulfideCapture energy from the bonds of inorganic molecules such as Hydrogen Sulfide Process is called ChemosynthesisProcess is called Chemosynthesis Often occurs in deep sea vents or gut of animalsOften occurs in deep sea vents or gut of animals Called a Black smoker (thermal vent) copyright cmassengale

31. 31 ConsumersConsumers Heterotrophs eat other organisms to obtain energy. (e.g. animals) HerbivoresHerbivores –Eat Only Plants CarnivoresCarnivores –Eat Only Other Animals Heterotrophs eat other organisms to obtain energy. (e.g. animals) HerbivoresHerbivores –Eat Only Plants CarnivoresCarnivores –Eat Only Other Animals copyright cmassengale

32. 32 ConsumersConsumers Heterotrophs eat other organisms to obtain energy. Omnivores (Humans)Omnivores (Humans) –Eat Plants & Animals Detritivores (Scavengers)Detritivores (Scavengers) –Feed On Dead Plant & Animal Remains (buzzards) DecomposersDecomposers –Fungi & Bacteria Heterotrophs eat other organisms to obtain energy. Omnivores (Humans)Omnivores (Humans) –Eat Plants & Animals Detritivores (Scavengers)Detritivores (Scavengers) –Feed On Dead Plant & Animal Remains (buzzards) DecomposersDecomposers –Fungi & Bacteria copyright cmassengale

33. 33 Feeding Relationships Energy flows through an ecosystem in one direction from producers to various levels of consumers Energy flows through an ecosystem in one direction from producers to various levels of consumers copyright cmassengale

34. 34 Feeding Relationships Food ChainFood Chain –Simple Energy path through an ecosystem Food WebFood Web –More realistic path through an ecosystem made of many food chains Food ChainFood Chain –Simple Energy path through an ecosystem Food WebFood Web –More realistic path through an ecosystem made of many food chains copyright cmassengale

35. 35 Food Chain Producer ( trapped sunlight & stored food) 1 st order Consumer 2 nd Order Consumer 3 rd Order consumer 4 th Order Consumer copyright cmassengale

36. 36 Name the Producer, Consumers & Decomposers in this food chain: copyright cmassengale

37. 37 Food Web copyright cmassengale

38. 38 Trophic Levels Each Level In A Food Chain or Food Web is a Trophic Level. ProducersProducers –Always The First Trophic Level –How Energy Enters The System HerbivoresHerbivores –Second Trophic Level Each Level In A Food Chain or Food Web is a Trophic Level. ProducersProducers –Always The First Trophic Level –How Energy Enters The System HerbivoresHerbivores –Second Trophic Level copyright cmassengale

39. 39 Trophic Levels Carnivores/OmnivoresCarnivores/Omnivores –Make Up The Remaining Trophic Levels Each level depends on the one below it for energy. Carnivores/OmnivoresCarnivores/Omnivores –Make Up The Remaining Trophic Levels Each level depends on the one below it for energy. copyright cmassengale

40. 40 Ecological Pyramids Graphic Representations Of The Relative Amounts of Energy or Matter At Each Trophic Level May be: Energy Pyramid Biomass Pyramid Pyramid of Numbers Graphic Representations Of The Relative Amounts of Energy or Matter At Each Trophic Level May be: Energy Pyramid Biomass Pyramid Pyramid of Numbers copyright cmassengale

41. 41 Energy Pyramid copyright cmassengale

42. 42 Biomass Pyramid copyright cmassengale

43. 43 Pyramid of Numbers copyright cmassengale

44. Copyright Cmassengale BIOMES

45. Biogeography - study of where organisms live Copyright Cmassengale

46. Dispersal of organisms Movement of organisms from 1 place to another Dispersal is usually caused by wind, water or living things Species that evolve in an area are called native species Species that are carried to a location are exotic species. Movement of organisms from 1 place to another Dispersal is usually caused by wind, water or living things Species that evolve in an area are called native species Species that are carried to a location are exotic species. Copyright Cmassengale

47. Climate and biomes The typical weather patterns over a long period of time is the climate. Copyright Cmassengale

48. Biomes are a group of ecosystems with similar climates (temperature and rainfall) and organisms. Copyright Cmassengale

49. Rain Forest Biomes Copyright Cmassengale

50. Tropical Rain Forest - found near the equator - Copyright Cmassengale

51. Desert Biomes Copyright Cmassengale

52. Deserts: areas that receive less than 25cm of rain per year. Most deserts get very hot during the day and get very cold at night. Copyright Cmassengale

53. Grassland Copyright Cmassengale

54. Grasslands receive more rain than the desert - enough to support grasses and bushes, but not enough to support trees. Copyright Cmassengale

55. Tundra The land here is very cold and dry. It has a permanent layer of frost all year (permafrost). Copyright Cmassengale

56. Freshwater Biomes Algae is the most abundant plant in the water biomes because sunlight has to be there in order for photosynthesis to occur. Freshwater biomes are divided into 2 groups: ponds and lakes and streams and rivers Algae is the most abundant plant in the water biomes because sunlight has to be there in order for photosynthesis to occur. Freshwater biomes are divided into 2 groups: ponds and lakes and streams and rivers Copyright Cmassengale

57. Ponds and Lakes Lakes are deeper than ponds. Sometimes ponds are shallow enough for sunlight to reach the bottom which lets plants grow. Copyright Cmassengale

58. Streams and Rivers The water runs fast in these areas. Few plants can survive in the fast current, so consumers must rely on leaves and seeds that fall in. Copyright Cmassengale

59. Marine Biomes Divided into 4 sections: Estuaries, Intertidal Zone, Neritic Zone, and Surface/Deep Zone. Copyright Cmassengale

60. Estuaries This is where the water from the rivers and streams runs into the ocean, making a mixture of salt and fresh water. Copyright Cmassengale

61. Primary Succession Primary succession is a series of changes that occur in an area where no ecosystem has ever been. Copyright Cmassengale

62. Pioneer species are the first species to populate an area. Copyright Cmassengale

63. Secondary Succession Secondary succession occurs when there are a series of changes after a natural disturbance (hurricane, fire, etc..) It only can occur in a place where an ecosystem has already existed. Copyright Cmassengale

64. Extinction: Disappearance of all members of a species. Those in danger of becoming extinct are endangered, and those that could be endangered soon are threatened species. Extinction: Disappearance of all members of a species. Those in danger of becoming extinct are endangered, and those that could be endangered soon are threatened species. Copyright Cmassengale

65. Symbiotic Relationships Symbiosis- two species living together 3 Types of symbiosis: 1. Commensalism 2. Parasitism 3. Mutualism

66. Symbiotic Relationships Commensalism- one species benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped Ex. orchids on a tree Commensalism- one species benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped Ex. orchids on a tree Epiphytes: A plant, such as a tropical orchid or a bromeliad, that grows on another plant upon which it depends for mechanical support but not for nutrients. Also called xerophyte, air plant.

67. Symbiotic Relationships Commensalism- one species benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped Ex. polar bears and cyanobacteria Commensalism- one species benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped Ex. polar bears and cyanobacteria

68. Symbiotic Relationships Parasitism- one species benefits (parasite) and the other is harmed (host) Parasite-Host relationship Parasitism- one species benefits (parasite) and the other is harmed (host) Parasite-Host relationship

69. Symbiotic Relationships Parasitism- parasite-host Ex. lampreys, leeches, fleas, ticks, tapeworm Parasitism- parasite-host Ex. lampreys, leeches, fleas, ticks, tapeworm

70. Symbiotic Relationships Mutualism- beneficial to both species Ex. cleaning birds and cleaner shrimp Mutualism- beneficial to both species Ex. cleaning birds and cleaner shrimp

71. Symbiotic Relationships Mutualism- beneficial to both species Ex. lichen Mutualism- beneficial to both species Ex. lichen

72. Nutrient Cycles Cycling maintains homeostasis (balance) in the environment. 3 cycles to investigate: 1. Water cycle 2. Carbon cycle 3. Nitrogen cycle

73. Water cycle- Evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation

74. Water cycle-

75. Carbon cycle- Photosynthesis and respiration cycle carbon and oxygen through the environment.

76. Carbon cycle-

77. Nitrogen cycle- Atmospheric nitrogen (N 2 ) makes up nearly 78%-80% of air. Organisms can not use it in that form. Lightning and bacteria convert nitrogen into usable forms.

78. Nitrogen cycle- Only in certain bacteria and industrial technologies can fix nitrogen. Nitrogen fixation-convert atmospheric nitrogen (N 2 ) into ammonium (NH 4 + ) which can be used to make organic compounds like amino acids. N 2 NH 4 +

79. Nitrogen cycle- Nitrogen-fixing bacteria: Some live in a symbiotic relationship with plants of the legume family (e.g., soybeans, clover, peanuts).

80. Nitrogen cycle- Some nitrogen-fixing bacteria live free in the soil. Nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria are essential to maintaining the fertility of semi-aquatic environments like rice paddies.

82. Atmospheric nitrogen Lightning Nitrogen fixing bacteria Ammonium Nitrification by bacteria NitritesNitrates Denitrification by bacteria Plants Animals Decomposers Nitrogen Cycle