1. Aquinas’ Theory of Natural Law Based on two fundamental authorities: a.The Bible; b.Aristotle.

2. Aquinas rejected Plato’s idea of the physical world being unimportant and shadowy – Instead he followed Aristotle who claimed that the world is real and important. Natural Law = “God’s order set within the parameters of the universe”

3. For Aquinas, morality is: ACCESSIBLE THROUGH THE NATURAL ORDER UNIVERSAL/ RELEVANT TO ALL SITUATIONS UNCHANGING AND FOR ALL TIME GIVEN BY GOD ACCESSIBLE TO ALL… WHETHER OR NOT THEY BELIEVE IN GOD

4. Aquinas’ basic moral law: “Good is to be done and pursued…and evil is to be avoided. All the other precepts of the law of nature are based on this.” Aquinas’ message: DO GOOD AND AVOID EVIL

5. How can we know natural law? 1. Through revelation: e.g. Paul’s Letter to the Romans. Paul asks why Gentiles obey laws from the Torah, when they’ve never heard of it. God gave us two laws: i. the Torah for Jews; ii. Natural Law for Gentiles. 2. Through human reason: a moral life is a life lived according to reason. An immoral life is one lived at odds with reason. Reason tells us that the ultimate purpose or telos of human life = fellowship with God.

6. Romans 2. 14-15: “When Gentiles, who do not possess the law, do instinctively what the law requires, these, though not having the law, are a law to themselves. They show that what the law requires is written on their hearts, to which their conscience also bears witness.”

7. Aquinas’ ideas of purpose and perfection 1.The perfection of creation God = Creator God = changeless and consistent. God = good Natural law regulates everything in creation, and so reveals God’s nature. CREATION MUST BE GOOD BECAUSE GOD CANNOT CREATE ANYTHING CONTRARY TO HIS NATURE

8. FOLLOWING NATURAL LAW IS THE WAY HUMANS CAN SHARE IN GOD’S ETERNAL NATURE.

9. 2. Primary and secondary precepts Aquinas agreed with Aristotle that eudaimonia is our natural telos. Then he added a moral dimension – happiness can only be achieved by pursuing certain good actions. He also believed that eudaimonia = achieving union with God.

10. In order to achieve eudaimonia, Aquinas said that humans must follow certain natural laws or precepts. The most important of these is SELF PRESERVATION

11. Primary precepts are required to ensure self-preservation: REPRODUCTION EDUCATION PEACEFUL SOCIETY WORSHIP GOD

12. Secondary precepts set out the way in which the primary precepts can be put into practice. EXAMPLE: PRIMARY CONCEPT: REPRODUCTION PURPOSE OF HUMAN GENITALS = REPRODUCTION MASTUBATION AND HOMOSEXUALITY NO NEW LIFE, DON’T FULFIL TELOS, DON’T GLORIFY GOD

13. PRIMARY PRECEPTS ARE DESCRIPTIVE; SECONDARY PRECEPTS ARE PRESCRIPTIVE.

14. Aquinas’ Four Types of Law Natural law is not the only law – according to Aquinas, there are four kinds: ETERNAL LAWDIVINE LAW NATURAL LAWHUMAN LAW

15. The Four Causes Aquinas borrowed Aristotle’s idea of different causes. Humans can work out what is good by working out the different causes. Humans need to use their reason for this 1.The Material Cause 2.The Efficient Cause 3.The Formal Cause 4.The Final Cause

16. Real and Apparent Goods Aquinas believed that: HUMAN NATURE IS ESSENTIALLY GOOD NATURAL LAW IS WITHIN EVERYONE HUMANS NATURALLY STRIVE FOR PERFECTION HUMANS WOULD NEVER KNOWINGLY PURSUE EVIL WHEN PEOPLE DO CHOOSE EVIL, THEY ARE FOLLOWING AN APPARENT GOOD IT’S JUST AN ERROR OF JUDGEMENT USING OUR REASON HELPS US TO DISTINGUISH BETWEEN REAL AND APPARENT GOODS.

17. Reason identifies 4 natural or cardinal virtues: PRUDENCETEMPERANCE FORTITUDEJUSTICE The Bible reveals 3 more virtues: faith, hope and charity

18. Aquinas also identified 7 vices or cardinal sins which lead people away from Natural Law. PRIDE AVARICE LUST ENVY GLUTTONY ANGER SLOTH Develop the virtues. Eliminate the vices. Requires practice. Virtues should become habitual.

19. Exterior and interior acts For Aquinas, both the intention and the act are important. To act in a good way for the wrong reason is to perform a good exterior act but a bad interior act.

20. Example 1: I help an old lady across the road. I do it to impress someone. GOOD EXTERIOR ACT BAD INTERIOR ACT

21. Example 2 I steal money. I give the money to a friend in need. BAD EXTERIOR ACT GOOD INTERIOR ACT

22. According to Aquinas, the theft of the money is not made good by my intention to help my friend. Acts are intrinsically good or bad. When humans act in accordance with their telos, God is glorified.