1. Class Starter  Look at your Unit I Plan  Using a highlighter, identify the target(s) or “I can” statements that we cover.  “I can” statements will be your test!

2. “The State” What are the four characteristics of a state?  Nations, countries, and states all refer to the same thing!  In order to be a “state”, you must have four things:  Territory  Population  Sovereignty (ability to make own laws)  Government

3. What are the four theories of the Origin of the State?  Major Political Ideas (Origin of the State)  Force Theory: 1 person/group forces power and submission of other people

4.  Evolutionary Theory: State developed naturally out of the “Family.”  Head of Family  Head of Government

5.  Divine Right Theory: Ordained by God  God gave them the right to rule

6.  Social Contract Theory: State exists to serve the will of the people  People are the source of power – free to give or withhold power

7. Traditional Forms of Government  Feudalism: People are bound to a King (loyal) and in return King provides protection

8.  Absolute Monarchy: King/Queen has total control of military and government

9.  Authoritarianism: unlimited amount of power, no restraints on power of government

10.  Despotism: absolute power/tyrannical rule (tyrant)

11.  Liberal Democracy: Protects individual rights; consent of the governed

12.  Totalitarianism: controls all facets of life

13. Democracy  Of the people, for the people (People are source of power)  Equal rights (protection of rights)  Representative government

14. Dictatorship  Not responsible for policies  Autocracy/Oligarchy  Authoritarian – absolute power  One leader (Despot)  Governs without consent of the people

15. Unitary  Centralized government (one unit)  Limited local government  One legislature (created by constitution)

16. Federal  Division of powers  Central & Local Governments (National, State, and Local Government)  Each have own set of powers  Separation of Powers (3 branches)

17. Confederate  Limited powers – only handles matters that member states assign to it  Central organization – alliance of individual states  No power to make laws that apply to individual states  Come together for a common cause

18. Presidential  Two branches are equal and separate  Executive Branch led by President  Executive & Legislative branches are popularly elected

19. Parliamentary  Executive and Legislative branch are combined  Executive must answer to Parliament (Legislature)  Executive (Prime Minister) is elected by Parliament (Legislature)

20. Patrick Henry, Thomas Jefferson, Wonder Woman, George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, James Madison

21.  English Colonists brought ordered, limited, and representative government  Ordered: Justice of the Peace, Sheriff, Counties, etc.  Limited: Restricted power and individual rights  Representative: Government serves the will of the people

22.  Influential Documents  Magna Carta (1215): granted Englishmen certain rights (trial by jury, protection of property, etc.)  Power of the monarchy was not absolute  The Petition of Right (1628): limited kings power  The English Bill of Rights (1689): written to prevent abuses by the King/Queen (right to a fair trial, no excessive bail, no cruel and unusual punishment)

23. John Locke  Natural Rights: rights inherent in human beings (life, liberty & property)  Consent of the Governed: government gets its authority from the people  Limited Government: restrictions should be placed on the government to protect the natural rights of the people

24. Comparisons – Natural Rights  “The state of nature has a law to govern it”  “Life, Liberty and property”  “Laws of Nature and Nature’s God”  “Life, Liberty and the pursuit of happiness” Thomas Jefferson – Declaration of Independence John Locke

26.  Need for a Stronger Government  Philadelphia Convention, May, 1787  Delegates agreed to create a new government  55/74 delegates attended, 12/13 States attended  Framers (all had distinguished backgrounds and most had education)  Independence Hall – Sworn to Secrecy – Extremely HOT!

27. Virginia Plan  3 Branches (Legislative, Executive, & Judicial)  Legislative: Bicameral, decided by population & monetary contributions, House – popular election, Senate – House elected

28. New Jersey Plan  3 Branches (Legislative, Executive, & Judicial)  Legislative: Unicameral, Each state has equal representation

29. How should the States be represented in Congress?  Connecticut Compromise  Bicameral Legislature: House – Population, Senate – equal representation  Sources of the Constitution  British tradition, State Governments, and John Locke’s Two Treatises of Government

30. Date Finished: September 17, 1787  Federalists vs.  Favored ratification  Madison & Hamilton  Federalist Papers Anti-Federalists  Opposed ratification  Jefferson  Believed National Government was too powerful  Wanted Bill of Rights

31.  September 13, 1788: 11/13 States ratified the Constitution  New York City – Capital, Congress located on Wall Street  April 30, 1789: George Washington took the oath of office