1. Enlightenment and Revolution 1550-1789
Scientific Revolution
Enlightenment
American Revolution

2. A Ripple Effect: The Scientific Revolution The Enlightenment
The American Revolution
(and other revolutions)

3. I. The Scientific Revolution
Terms to Know:
Geocentric theory—earth is the center of the universe
Heliocentric theory—sun is the center of the universe
Scientific Revolution—developed during Reformation in mid 1500s, new way of thinking about the natural world, based upon observation and a willingness to question beliefs.

4. A. Causes of Scientific Revolution
The Reformation
universities
The Renaissance
Expansion of Trade
Humanism

5. Old Ideas vs New Ideas B. Geocentric vs Heliocentric
Early Christianity taught that God placed earth at the center of the universe.
Copernicus published the heliocentric theory in a book (1543), and later other scientists would confirm his theory.

6. C. The Scientific Method
A logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas (influenced and advanced by Frances Bacon and Rene Descartes)

7. Isaac Newton--The Law of Gravity
Copernicus—heliocentric theory but unsure of WHY planets moved how they did
Kepler—mathematical laws govern planetary motion, the planets move in an elliptical orbits
Galileo—phases of Venus and other planets, satellites/moons of Jupiter, uneven surface of the moon
D. Isaac Newton
The Law of Universal Gravitation—
Every object in the universe attracts other objects
The degree of attraction depends on the mass of an object
Isaac Newton

8. E. Other Important Scientists
Zacharias Janssen—created the first microscope
Gabriel Fahrenheit—created a thermometer showing water freezing at 32 degrees
Anders Celsius—created a thermometer showing freezing at 0 degrees
Edward Jenner—introduces the smallpox vaccine (live pox inoculation) Jenner Story--Smallpox Vaccine

9. F. Old Science v New Science
scholars relied on ancient authority
Church teachings, common sense
And reasoning
New Science
Scholars began to use observation
Experimentation, and scientific reasoning
To gather knowledge and draw conclusions

10. II. The Enlightenment Terms to Know:
Enlightenment—An intellectual movement that stressed reason and thought and the power of individuals to solve problems.
(AKA—The Age of Reason)
Social contract—an agreement by which people define and limit their individual rights, creating an organized society or government
Philosophe—French term for philosopher, group of social thinkers from France

11. Philosophical Chairs
<<<Agree Disagree>>> The government should have complete control over the people in its country so that the government and society can run smoothly.

12. Philosophical Chairs
<<<Agree Disagree>>> The government should have restrictions even when it comes to keeping its citizens safe or free from harm.

13. A. The Right to Govern Old Idea New Idea
A monarch’s rule is justified by divine right
A government’s power comes from the consent of the governed

14. A. The Right to Govern
Thomas Hobbes
John Locke

15. A. The Right to Govern TWO VIEWS ON GOVERNMENT
THOMAS HOBBES
JOHN LOCKE
Citizens should hand their rights over to a strong ruler to gain law and order because people cannot rule themselves without getting sidetracked by selfishness and self-interest
NO! All people are born FREE and EQUAL, people can learn from experiences and improve themselves.
Democracy
THREE NATURAL RIGHTS: life, liberty and property

16. Hobbes and Locke

17. PAIRING ACTIVITY The Ideas of Locke HAND OUT

18. B. The Philosophes French social critics 3 Major Philosophes Voltaire
Montesquieu
Rousseau

19. B. Philosophes Core Beliefs
THE CORE OF THEIR BELIEFS--FIVE CONCEPTS:
Reason—truth could be discovered through reason or logical thinking
Nature—natural things are good and reasonable
Happiness—rejected medieval notion that happiness comes after death and urged people to find happiness on earth
Progress—stressed that society and humankind could improve
Liberty—wanted the liberties the English had won in the Glorious Revolution and with the Bill of Rights

20. DOCUMENT BASED QUESTIONING VOLTAIRE, ROUSSEAU, MONTESQUEIU

21. C. Voltaire
Wrote books and essays against intolerance, prejudice and superstition
Supported freedom of speech and religion
“I do not agree with a word you say but will defend to the death your right to say it.”

22. D. Rousseau Believed the only good government was a direct democracy
Also believed that titles of nobility should be stripped—equal should be included titles

23. E. Montesquieu
Believed in the separation of powers—executive branch, judicial branch, legislative branch
Developed checks and balances—no one branch being able to control all of the government
”Power should be a check to power”
Both these were used in the US Constitution

24. F.

25. G. Checks and Balances in the USA

26. III. The Enlightenment Spreads
TERMS TO KNOW:
Salons—social gatherings where philosphers, writers, artists, scientists and other great intellects met to discuss Enlightenment ideas.
Enlightened despots—rulers who embraced Enlightenment ideas and wanted reform and to rule their subjects fairly
Despot- “absolute ruler”

27. Salon

29. Catherine the Great--Overthrowing Peter
Maria Theresa of Austria
Charles III of Spain
Joseph II—Holy Roman Emperor
Catherine the Great of Russia
Frederick II of Prussia
Catherine the Great--Overthrowing Peter

30. A. Enlightenment Music and Art
Neoclassical Art: “new classical”, simple and elegant form of art using borrowed ideas and themes from classical Greece and Rome.
Classical Music: simpler form with less “trills” but very elegant and light
Franz Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, and Ludwig van Beethoven
Beethoven's Fur Elise (classical)
Toccata and Fugue in D Minor (Bach) (baroque)

31. Baroque Art vs Neoclassical Art