1. SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN INDIA

2. Indias Population=1027 Million As per 2001 Census Urban Population=285 Million Urban Areas=5161 (Cities / Towns)

3. TREND OF URBANIZATION Year Year Year Year 1951 1991 2001 2021 1. Number of Urban 2795 3768 5161 -- Agglomerations / Towns 2. Urban Population 62.0 217.0 285.0 550.0 (in million) 3. As percentage of total 17.3% 25.72% 27.8% 41% Population

4. MAGNITUDE OF PROBLEM - Per capita waste generation increasing by 1.3% per annum -With urban population increasing between 3 – 3.5% per annum -Yearly increase in waste generation is around 5% annually

5. -India produces 42.0 million tons of municipal solid waste annually at present. -Per capita generation of waste varies from 200 gm to 600 gm per capita / day. Average generation rate at 0.4 kg per capita per day in 0.1 million plus towns. -Collection efficiency ranges between 50% to 90% of the solid waste generated.

6. -Urban Local Bodies spend around Rs.500/- to Rs.1500/- per ton on solid waste management of which, *60-70% of the amount is on collection alone *20% - 30% on transportation *Hardly any fund is spent on treatment and disposal of waste -Crude dumping of waste in most of the cities

7. QUANTITY OF WASTE GENERATION TOTAL QUANTITY OF SOLID WASTE 1.15 LAKH TONNE GENERATED IN URBAN AREASPER DAY (TPD) OF THE COUNTRY % OF TOTAL GARBAGE WASTE GENERATED IN 6 MEGA CITIES21,100 TPD 18.35% WASTE GENERATED IN METRO CITIES 19,643 TPD 17.08% (1 MILLION PLUS TOWNS) WASTE GENERATED IN OTHER42,635.28 TPD 37.07% CLASS-I TOWNS (0.1 MILLION PLUS TOWNS)_____________________ 83,378.28 TPD 72.50% IF WASTE PRODUCED IN ALL CLASS-I CITIES IS TACKLED, PERCENTAGE OF WASTE SCIENTIFICALLY MANAGED WOULD BE 72.5% OF TOTAL WASTE.

8. Characteristics of Municipal Solid Waste Compostable / Bio-degradable = 30% - 55% matter (can be converted into manure) Inert material = 40% - 45% (to go to landfill) Recyclable materials = 5% - 10% (Recycling) These percentages vary from city to city depending on food habits

9. PRESENT STATUS OF WASTE MANAGEMENT -STORAGE OF WASTE AT SOURCE IS LACKING - DOMESTIC WASTE THROWN ON STREETS - TRADE WASTE ON ROADS / STREETS - CONSTRUCTION DEBRIS LEFT UNATTENDED - BIO-MEDICAL WASTE DISPOSED IN MUNICIPAL WASTE STREAM - INDUSTRIAL WASTE DISPOSED OF IN OPEN AREAS -SEGREGATION OF RECYCLABLE WASTE AT SOURCE NOT DONE - PRIMARY COLLECTION OF WASTE NOT DONE AT PLACE OF GENERATION

10. Contd../.. -DESIGN & LOCATION OF MUNICIPAL WASTE STORAGE DEPOTS INAPPROPRIATE, RESULTING IN LITTERING OF GARBAGE. -STREET SWEEPING NOT DONE EVERYDAY -WASTE TRANSPORTATION DONE IN OPEN VEHICLES -WASTE PROCESSING PARTIALLY PRACTISED IN 35 ULBs ONLY -FINAL DISPOSAL DONE THROUGH CRUDE DUMPING - RAG PICKERS COLLECT RECYCLABLES FROM MUNICIPAL BINS / DUMPSITES AND LITTER THE WASTE CAUSING INSANITARY CONDITIONS

11. REASONS FOR IMPROPER MANAGEMENT OF WASTE Lack of planning for waste management while planning townships Lack of proper institutional set up for waste management, planning and designing in urban local bodies Lack of technically trained manpower Lack of community involvement Lack of expertise and exposure to city waste management using modern techniques / best practices Lack of awareness creation mechanism Lack of Management Information Systems Lack of funds with ULBs Indifferent attitude of ULBs to levy user charges and sustainability

12. RECOMMENDED APPROACHES TO WASTE MANAGEMENT 1.Possible Waste Management Options : (a) Waste Minimisation (b) Material Recycling (c) Waste Processing (Resource Recovery) (d) Waste Transformation (e) Sanitary Landfilling – Limited land availability is a constraint in Metro cities. 2.Processing / Treatment should be : (i)Technically sound (ii)Financially viable (iii)Eco-friendly / Environmental friendly (iv)Easy to operate & maintain by local community (v)Long term sustainability

13. RECOMMENDED APPROACHES TO WASTE PROCESSING & DISPOSAL IWEALTH FROM WASTE (PROCESSING OF ORGANIC WASTE) (A) WASTE TO COMPOST (i)AEROBIC / ANAEROBIC COMPOSTING (ii)VERMI-COMPOSTING (B)WASTE TO ENERGY (i)REFUSE DERIVED FUEL (RDF) / PELLETIZATION (ii)BIO-METHANATION IIRECYCLING OF WASTE IIISANITARY LANDFILLING IVTREATMENT OF BIO-MEDICAL WASTE SEPARATELY

14. VARIOUS TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS RECOMMENDED FOR WASTE PROCESSING TOWNS GENERATING GARBAGE UPTO 50 METRIC TONS / DAY(MT/DAY) = VERMI-COMPOSTING BETWEEN 50 MT & 500 MT / DAY = VERMI-COMPOSTING + MECHANICAL COMPOSTING MORE THAN 500 MT / DAY= MECHANICAL COMPOSTING + REFUSE DERIVED FUEL(RDF) FROM REJECTS KEEPING IN VIEW THE TYPE OF THE CITY (INDUSTRIAL OR NON- INDUSTRIAL) OR BIO-METHANATION

15. TENTH PLAN PROPOSALS Requirement of funds as per 10 th Plan document for 0.1 million plus towns as per 1991 Census are as under:- Capital Investment=Rs.23226.00 million Equipment replacement =Rs. 1355.00 million cost ________________ Rs.24581.00 million ________________ Based on January, 2000 prices

16. INITIATIVES BY GOVERNMENT OF INDIA Bio-medical Waste Handling Rules, 1998 - Notified Municipal Solid Waste Management Rules, 2000 – Notified. Reforms Agenda (Fiscal, Institutional, Legal) Technical Manual on Municipal Solid Waste Management Technology Advisory Group on Municipal Solid Waste Management Inter-Ministerial Task Force on Integrated Plant Nutrient Management from city compost.

17. Tax Free Bonds by ULBs permitted by Government of India Income Tax relief to Waste Management agencies Public-Private Partnership in SWM Capacity Building Urban Reforms Incentive Fund Guidelines for PSP and setting up of Regulatory Authority Introduction of Commercial Accounting System in ULBs & other Sector Reforms Model Municipal Bye-Laws framed / circulated for benefit of ULBs for adoption Financial Assistance by Government of India - 12th Finance Commission Grants

18. DEVOLUTION OF 12TH FINANCE COMMISSION GRANTS FOR WASTE MANAGEMENT – RS.2500.00 CRORES ( RS. IN MILLION) (I)COLLECTION AND TRANSPORTATION - 3864.4 EQUIPMENT & MACHINERY (II)COMPOST PLANTS - 10012.3 (III)SANITARY LANDFILL DEVELOPMENT - 10568.8 ------------------- TOTAL 24445.5 ------------------ DEVOLUTION TO ULBs BY 12TH FINANCE - Rs.19439.4 Million COMMISSION PRIVATE SECTOR INVESTMENT - Rs.5006.2 Million ENVISAGED THROUGH PPP IN COMPOSTING / SANITARY LANDFILLING

19. NATIONAL URBAN RENEWAL MISSION CENTRAL / STATE GRANTS ARE PROPOSED TO BE PROVIDED FOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT Grant Loan CentreState Cities with 4 million plus population 35%15%50% Cities with one million plus population but less than 4 million 50%20%30% Other cities80%10%

20. MAIN ISSUES - ABSENCE OF SEGREGATION OF WASTE AT SOURCE -LACK OF TECHNICAL EXPERTISE AND APPROPRIATE INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT -UNWILLINGNESS OF ULBs TO INTRODUCE PROPER COLLECTION, SEGREGATION, TRANSPORTATION AND TREATMENT / DISPOSAL SYSTEMS -INDIFFERENT ATTITUDE OF CITIZENS TOWARDS WASTE MANAGEMENT DUE TO LACK OF AWARENESS -LACK OF COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION TOWARDS WASTE MANAGEMENT AND HYGIENIC CONDITIONS - LACK OF FUNDS WITH ULBs

21. RECOMMENDATIONS -Outsourcing of all activities under Solid Waste Management Services recommended by 12 th Finance Commission for using grants -ULBs to concentrate on segregation of waste at source -Waste processing like composting, bio- methanation should be done through public-private partnerships / private sector -Final disposal viz. sanitary landfilling to be done under public private partnerships / private sector -Bio-medical waste to be managed by Central Bio- Medical Waste Management Facilities.