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Ch 29 – Plant Structure and Function
Vocabulary Review Ch 29 – Plant Structure and Function
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In higher plants, the fundamental tissue that is composed of thin-walled living cells that function in photosynthesis and storage Parenchyma
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A group of elongated, thick-walled plant cells that support the growth of leaves and stems
Collenchyma
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A type of plant tissue composed of cells that have thickened secondary cell walls that function in plant support Sclerenchyma
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The outer surface layer of cells of a plant or animal
Epidermis
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A waxy or fatty and watertight layer on the external wall of epidermal cells
Cuticle
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A thick-walled, cylindrical cell with tapered ends that is found in xylem and that provides support and conducts water and nutrients Tracheid
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In plants, the thin, porous areas of a tracheid cell wall
Pit
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In plants, one of the cellular components of a xylem vessel
Vessel element
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In plants, a tube-like structure in the xylem that is composed of connected cells that conduct water and mineral nutrients Vessel
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One of the component cells of a sieve tube, which is found mainly in flowering plants
Sieve tube member
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In the phloem of a flowering plant, a conducting tube that is made up of a series of sieve-tube members stacked end to end Sieve tube
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A region that connects two sieve cells and that has one or more sieve areas, which consist of clusters of pores through which the cytoplasm of the cells is connected and through which materials are transported Sieve plate
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A specialized parenchyma cell that assists in transport and that gives rise to sieve tubes in angiosperms Companion cell
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A region of undifferentiated plant cells that are capable of dividing and developing into specialized plant tissues Meristem
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The growing region at the tips of stems and roots in plants
Apical meristem
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Dividing tissue that runs parallel to the long axis of a stem or a root
Lateral meristem
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In a plant, the lateral meristem that produces secondary xylem and phloem
Vascular cambium
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A layer of tissue under the cork layer where cork cells are produced
Cork cambium
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In biology, a joint between two adjacent sections in the stem of a plant where buds form and leaves or branches start to grow; usually marked by a knot or swelling Node
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The part of a plant stem between two consecutive nodes
Internode
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A shoot or flower that has immature leaves folded in the growing tip
Bud
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A modified leaf that forms a protective covering for a bud until it opens
Bud scale
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The tissue that is located in the center of the stem of most vascular plants and that is used for storage Pith
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Secondary xylem produced in gymnosperm and dicot stems
Wood
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Dark wood in center of tree
Heartwood 26
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Functional, often lighter-colored wood nearer the outside of the trunk
Sapwood
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The protective outside covering of woody plants, consisting of cork, cork cambium, and phloem
Bark
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Wood formed during the spring when water is plentiful; vascular cambium can form new xylem with cells that are wide and thin walled Springwood
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Wood produced by vascular cambium in summer, when water is limited; smaller cells with thicker walls
Summerwood
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In secondary xylem (wood), the growth ring formed in one season
Annual ring
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A part of a plant that makes sugars and other organic compounds and from which these compounds are transported to other parts of the plant Source
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Any place where a plant stores or uses organic nutrients, such as sugar or starches
Sink
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The movement of soluble nutrients from one part of a plant to another
Translocation
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Pressure-flow hypothesis
An explanation for the movement of carbohydrates in the phloem of plants; holds that carbohydrates are actively transported into sieve tubes Pressure-flow hypothesis
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The process by which plants release water vapor into the air through stomata; also the release of water vapor into the air by other organisms Transpiration
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Cohesion-tension theory
An explanation for the movement of water up the stem xylem of tall plants; states that water is pulled up the xylem vessels by the cohesive force between the water molecules and the adhesion of the water molecules to the rigid vessel walls Cohesion-tension theory
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An organ of climbing plants that grows in spiral form and wraps around another body to help support the plant Tendril
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The broad, flat portion of a typical leaf
Blade
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The stalk that attaches a leaf to the stem of a plant
Petiole
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A leaf that has an undivided blade
Simple Leaf
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A type of leaf in which the blade is divided into leaflets
Compound leaf
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One segment of a compound leaf
Leaflet
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In leaves, the tissue between epidermal layers, where photosynthesis occurs
Mesophyll
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In plants, the layer of vertically elongated cells that contains chloroplasts, that is located beneath the upper epidermis of leaves, and that participates in photosynthesis Palisade mesophyll
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Inside a leaf, the tissue that is made up of loosely arranged parenchyma cells that contain chloroplasts and are surrounded by air spaces that promote the diffusion of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water throughout the leaf Spongy mesophyll
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In plants, a bundle of vascular tissue that transports fluids and nutrients
Vein
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The arrangement of veins in a leaf
Venation
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A parallel arrangement of veins; typical of the leaves of monocots
Parallel venation
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A nonparallel, branching network of veins that is typical of the leaves of dicots
Net venation
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One of a pair of specialized cells that border a stoma and regulate gas exchange
Guard cell
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