1. P LANT S TRUCTURE & G ROWTH Nancy G. Morris Volunteer State Community College Campbell, 5 th edition, Chapter 35

2. Plant Tissues I. Meristematic Tissue II. Dermal, Surface, or Protective III. Ground or Fundamental

3. I. Meristematic Tissue A. Apical MeristemsA. Apical Meristems Primary growing tips of shoots & stems B. Lateral MeristemsB. Lateral Meristems Produces lateral growth; increase in girth 1. Vascular Cambium Between primary xylem & phloem 2. Cork Cambium Between bark and phloem

4. II. Dermal, Surface, or Protective A. Roots – root hairs for adsorption – no waxy covering B. Stems – cork, cork cambium C. Leaves – trichomes (multicellular leaf hairs) – waxy cuticle on epidermis – stoma on lower dermis – Special xerophytic adaptations

5. A. ParenchymaA. Parenchyma 1. Storage Parenchyma 2. Chloroenchyma B. CollenchymaB. Collenchyma C. SclerenchymaC. Sclerenchyma 1. Fibers 2. Sclerids D. Vascular TissuesD. Vascular Tissues 1. Xylem a. tracheids b. xylem vessels 2. Phloem III. Ground or Fundamental

6. A. Paraenchyma – Figure 35.11 unspecialized living primary cell wall thin & flexible capable of dividing metabolic synthesis storage of starch in plastids Chlorenchyma – specialized parenchyma photosynthetic

7. Paramechyma

8. III. Ground or Fundamental B. Collenchyma – primary cell walls thickened at corners grouped in strands or cylinders to support living cells which elongate as plant grows Figure 35.11

9. Collenchyma

10. III. Ground or Fundamental C. SclerenchymaC. Sclerenchyma – Figure 35.11 dead cells rigid, thick secondary cell walls of lignin support for non-growing parts of the plant fibers – long, slender, tapered cells in bundles sclereids – (pears: stone cells) shorter, irregularly shaped cells

11. Fiber cells (Bundle cap)

12. Sclerids or Stone Cells

13. III. Ground or Fundamental Vascular TissuesD. Vascular Tissues Xylem: 1. Xylem: water-conducting cells secondary cell walls laid down in spiral/ ring patterns (which allow stretching) growing parts a. Tracheids – long, thin, tapered cells with lignin walls and bordered pits »Water flows from cell to cell through pits »Also function in support b. Xylem vessel – wider, shorter, thinner- walled, less tapered ( Figure 35.9) »Aligned end to end to make an element »Hollow tubes

14. Xylem conducts water tracheids evolved first found in soft woods (balsam, pine) hard woods have both tracheids & xylem vessels thick walls dead at maturity

15. Pressure flow in a sieve tube

16. Roles of cohesion & adhesion in the ascent of xylem sap

17. III. Ground or Fundamental D. Vascular TissuesD. Vascular Tissues – Figure 35.9. Phloem 1. Phloem – food-conducting cells living thin-watery cytoplasm sieve-tube members transport sucrose sieve plate -perforated end wall callose slime plugs prevent leakage companion cells provide nuclear control

18. Phloem alive at maturity non-nucleated nuclear control by Companion Cells sieve-tube members are the sugar- transporting cells possess sieve plates between adjacent cells slime plugs of callose prevent leaking when damaged

19. 35.9 Food-conducting cells of the phloem

20. Vessel Elements

21. Anatomy of an Angiosperm

22. The Angiosperm Body The Angiosperm Body Roots & shoots are adaptations to living on land! Roots functions:Roots functions: –1) anchor the plant on land –2) absorb & conduct water & minerals –3) store food (tap root) Root types:Root types: –1) tap root – carrots, turnips, sweet potatoes –2) fibrous root – primarily in monocots Root features:Root features: –1) root hairs – increase surface area –2) mycorrhizae – symbiotic root fungus –3) adventitious roots – above ground –prop roots

23. Root Structure (Figure 35.14 )

24. Root tip

25. Roots hairs

26. Lateral Root

27. Dicot Root

28. Monocot and Dicot Root Comparison

29. Casparian Strip

30. Shoot System: Shoot System: vegetative & floral shoots Stem morphology:Stem morphology: nodes –1) nodes – where leaves are attached to stems internodes –2) internodes – space between leaves axillary buds –3) axillary buds – bud in leaf axil terminal buds –4) terminal buds – bud on shoot tip Stem modifications:Stem modifications: stolons –1) stolons (strawberry runners) rhizomes –2) rhizomes (horizontal underground stems, irises) bulbs –3) bulbs (vertical, underground shoots with leaf bases modified for food storage,onions) tubers –4) tubers (potatoes- swollen ends of rhizomes) –Figure 35.6

31. Iris rhizomes

32. Figure 35.4 Stem Morpholo gy

33. Stem Anatomy

35. Production of Secondary Vascular Tissue

36. Anatomy of stem: Secondary Growth

37. All wrapped up!

38. Shoot System: Shoot System: vegetative & floral shoots Leaf functions:Leaf functions: Absorption of light energy for photosynthesisAbsorption of light energy for photosynthesis –Other modifications: –1) support –2) protection –3) storage –4) attract pollinators Leaf modifications:Leaf modifications: (Figure 35.8) –1) tendrils – cling for support –2) spines – protection –3) succulents – storage of water –4) color – attraction of pollinators

39. Figure 35.20 Anatomy of a Leaf

40. Cross section of a mesophytic leaf

41. Gas Exchange through the stoma: Transpiration

42. Simple vs. Compound

43. Comparison of Monocots & Dicots

44. Uptake of nutrients

45. Angiosperms produce FlowersFlowers FruitsFruits SeedsSeeds

46. Anatomy of a Flower

47. Anatomy of a Seed

48. Germination: Hypogean & Epigean

49. Double Fertilization

50. Fruit Development

51. Embryo packaged in a seed

53. Plasmodesmata