1. How do we classify and group plants? What are the major divisions? How are they grouped and classified? How do you use a plant identification key?

2. Plant Taxonomy Nonvascular Plants- have small reduced leaves, no vascular tissue( veins) no true roots, and reproduce by spores or flagellated cells that travel through water.

3. Vascular Plants- have true roots, stems, and leaves with vascular tissue. Xylem- water and minerals. Phloem- transports carbohydrates

4. Plant Divisions nonvascular Bryophyta- mosses vascular seedless Lycophyta-club moss Pterophyta-Ferns seed plants Gymnosperms-naked seeds Angiosperms-flowering plants

5. Gymnosperm Coniferophyta- needle or scale leaf, cones ( conifer) Anthophyta or Angiosperm Monocots- parallel veins, petals in 3’s Dicots- net veins, petals in 4’s or 5’s

6. Bryotphytes Mosses

7. Moses Non-vascular Plants- No tissues to carry water Spores used for reproduction No true roots, stem Reduced leaves

8. Liverworts

9. sporophyte gametophyte Mosses

11. sporophyte gametophyte

12. In mosses the dominant stage of their life cycle they only have half of their total chromosme number.

13. Spore Producing Spores are reproductive stages that have only half the chromosomes or genetic material.

16. VASCULAR PLANTS

17. Lycopodium, Lycophyta

18. Pterophyta Ferns- reproduce with spores but have veins to carry water

23. Gymnosperms Naked seeds or seeds produced in cones.

29. Angiosperms or Anthophyta Flowering plants Seeds produced within a fleshy fruit with gametes borne within a flower.

31. Antheridium Archegonium

32. Liliacea

33. Taxonomy key\identification key You always have two choices in a description of the organisms characteristic Choose the correct choice and it takes you to a name or a number.

38. dicot

39. monocot

40. Opposite Leaf arrangement

41. Alternate leaf arrangement

42. Botany Tissues, Organs, and Systems

43. Vascular Tissue Xylem (wood) trachieds and vessel elements make up xylem. They are nonliving tubes with openings at the ends to carry water.

44. Transport in Vascular Plants Water and minerals begin movement by osmosis. through root and root hair

46. Transport in Plants cont. capillary action in xylem vessel element Adhesion-water vessel wall Cohesion- water to water

47. Transpiration- water moves out through stoma in the leaf. closed H2OH2O

49. Loss of Turgor Turgor

51. Phloem carries carbohydrates sieve tube elements-- connected by sieve plates

58. Heart wood Spring wood Summer Wood Vascular cambium phloem Cork cambium CORK Phloem rays

59. Vascular Tissue Xylem- wood, carries water Spring wood- larger openings smaller ring Summer wood – more compact rigs are wider Phloem- carries sugar phloem rays carry back and forth

60. Growth Tissue Vascular Cambium- grows new xylem to the inside and phloem to the outside Cork cambium- grows new cork to the outside BARK- is vascular cambium, phloem, cork cambium, and cork

62. xylem phloem Cortex ( storage, support) (7,8) 11 4 & 5

63. Merristematic Regions Apical Bud Root Tips

65. Leaf Primordia Apical Meristem Axillary Bud

66. Roots primary secondary TAP DIFFUSE

67. Germination Seeds begin to grow as a result of cell division using much oxygen seeds need warm temperatures, water, and oxygen to germinate but the seed supplies the food.

68. hypocotyl

69. Embryonic Tissue Seed leaves of an embryo Below the cotyledon Above the cotyledon Embryonic root

70. cap merristematic Elongation maturation

71. Leaves- the main photosynthetic parts of a plant Types of Simple Compound Pinnate Palmate

75. Leaf Cross Section Epidermis- prevents water loss protects from UV light Palisades- photosynthesis zone ( contains much chlorophyll) Mesophyll ( spongy layer)- storage of gases, water and sugar Veins – contain xylem and phloem

76. Abscision layer- cuts base of leaf off during defoliation

77. Stomate Stomate- leaf opening for gas exchange and water loss Guard Cells- control opening of stomate Stoma - opening

79. Photosynthesis CO 2 +H 2 O light C n H 2n 0n+O 2 Light- measured as an absorption spectrum, the wavelengths that are most important are different for different types of autotrophs

80. Photosyntheis Plant takes in carbon dioxide\ Plant takes up water Plant produces sugars Plant gives off oxygen

81. petiole Margin (serrate) Pinnate veins

84. Simple Leaf with Entire Margin and Pinnate Veins

97. Angiosperms or Anthophyta Flowering plants Seeds produced within a fleshy fruit with gametes borne within a flower.

98. Perfect Flower

100. STAMEN- male part of flower Filament Anther

101. stigma style ovary 3n 2n Zygote is 2n Endosperm -food for development 3n Pollen tube Ovules within the ovary contain an embryo PISTIL or CARPEL

102. Composite Family

105. Flower Structures Stamen- male floral part Anther- produces pollen ( n) haploid Filament- stalk that supports stamen

106. Floral Parts Pistil- female floral part Style- stalk that supports stigma Stigma- sticky part attracts pollen Ovary- eggs develop and are fertilized to become seeds

107. Plant Response to Light –Photoperiodism LONG DAY_ require 12 hr. daylight or more to flower SHORT DAY-require less than 12 hr daylight DAY NEUTRAL – flower according to maturity not light

108. Plant Hormones Alter cell division Increase elongation Regulate gene activity

109. Auxins

110. Plant Auxin on Agar Block

111. Auxin Mutants