1. AP Biology 10/4/2015 Chapter 35. Plant Anatomy

2. AP Biology 10/4/2015 Figure 35.0 The effect of submersion in water on leaf development in Cabomba

3. AP Biology 10/4/2015 Basic anatomy  root  shoot (stem)  leaves

4. AP Biology 10/4/2015 Shoots  Shoots consist of stems, leaves & buds  Stems nodes = points at which leaves are attached internodes = stem segments between nodes

5. AP Biology 10/4/2015 Shoots  Buds growth of shoot  terminal or apical bud = at tip of plant  axillary bud = in nodes on stem

6. AP Biology 10/4/2015 Modified shoots stolons (strawberries)rhizome (ginger) tuber (potato)bulb (onion)

7. AP Biology 10/4/2015 Roots Functions 1. anchor plant 2. absorb minerals & water 3. store food root hairs  increase absorptive surface area

8. AP Biology 10/4/2015 Roots Types  fibrous roots  mat of thin roots that spread out  Monocots  tap roots  1 large vertical root  also produces many small lateral, or branch roots  dicots

9. AP Biology 10/4/2015 Leaves: Functions simple vs. compound 1. photosynthesis  energy production  CHO production 2. gas exchange 3. transpiration

10. AP Biology 10/4/2015

11. AP Biology 10/4/2015 Stomates Function of stomates?

12. AP Biology 10/4/2015 succulent leaves Modified leaves tendrils (peas)spines (cacti) colored leaves (poinsetta)

13. AP Biology 10/4/2015 Putting it all together  Obtaining raw materials  sunlight  leaves = solar collectors  CO 2  stomates = gas exchange H2OH2O  uptake from roots  nutrients  uptake from roots

14. AP Biology 10/4/2015 Plant tissues  Dermal  epidermis  single layer of tightly packed cells that covers & protects plant  Vascular  xylem & phloem  transport materials between roots & shoots  Ground  cortex, pith  everything else: storage, photosynthetic

15. AP Biology 10/4/2015 Review of Plant Cell Walls Cell wall of Cellulose Primary Cell Wall (first) Secondary Cell wall (more rigid) Middle Lamella

16. AP Biology 10/4/2015 Plant cell types in tissues  Parenchyma  Only thin primary cell walls  Most abundant  Fns: photosynthetic cells, storage cells  tissue of leaves, stem, fruit, storage roots

17. AP Biology 10/4/2015 Parenchyma  Parenchyma cells are relatively unspecialized, thin, flexible & carry out many metabolic functions  all types of cells develop from parenchyma Functions: Storage and PS

18. AP Biology 10/4/2015 Plant cell types in tissues  Collenchyma  unevenly thickened primary walls = support  No secondary walls  FN: support

19. AP Biology 10/4/2015 The strings in celery stalks are collenchyma

20. AP Biology 10/4/2015 Collenchyma  Collenchyma cells have thicker primary walls & provide support  help support without restraining growth  remain alive in maturity

21. AP Biology 10/4/2015 Plant cell types in tissues Sclerenchyma  very thick, lignified secondary walls = support  rigid cells that can’t elongate  dead at functional maturity

22. AP Biology 10/4/2015 Sclerenchyma  Thick, rigid cell wall  lignin  cannot elongate  mostly dead at maturity  Support cells  fibers  rope fibers  Sclereids = stone cells  nutshells  seed coats  grittiness in pears

23. AP Biology 10/4/2015 Vascular tissue  Transports materials in roots, stems & leaves  Xylem  carry water & minerals up from roots  tube-shaped dead cells  only their walls provide a system of microscopic water pipes  Phloem  nutrient-conducting cells  distribute sugars, amino acids & other organic products throughout plant  living tissue arranged into tubes

24. AP Biology 10/4/2015 Xylem  Elongated dead cells  tracheids  long, thin cells with tapered ends  walls reinforced with lignin = support  thinner pits in end walls allows water flow  vessel elements  wider, shorter, thinner walled & less tapered  perforated ends walls allows free water flow  Dead at functional maturity

25. AP Biology 10/4/2015 Xylem water-conducting cells of xylem tracheids vessel elements

26. AP Biology 10/4/2015 Phloem: food-conducting cells  sieve tube elements & companion cells

27. AP Biology 10/4/2015 Phloem  Cells  sieve tubes  end walls, sieve plates, have pores to facilitate flow of fluid between cells  companion cells  nucleated cells connected to the sieve-tube  help sieve tubes  Living cells at functional maturity  lack nucleus, ribosomes & a vacuole  specialized for liquid food transport

28. AP Biology 10/4/2015 Phloem sieve plate sieve tubes

29. AP Biology 10/4/2015 Vascular tissue in herbaceous stems dicotmonocot

30. AP Biology 10/4/2015 Root structure: dicot xylemphloem

31. AP Biology 10/4/2015 Root structure: monocot Endodermis is a selective barrier Pericycle cells may be meristematic Secondary roots arise here

32. AP Biology 10/4/2015 Figure 35.16 The formation of lateral roots

33. AP Biology 10/4/2015 Plant Growth

34. AP Biology 10/4/2015 Indeterminate growth  Unlike animals most plants grow throughout their life  annuals  life cycle within 1 year  germination  flowering  seed production  perennials  live many years  does not die of old age, only disease or trauma

35. AP Biology 10/4/2015 Meristems  Regions of growth  perpetual embryonic tissue  regenerate new cells  apical shoot meristem  growth in length  primary growth  apical root meristem  growth in length  primary growth  lateral meristems  growth in girth  secondary growth

36. AP Biology 10/4/2015 Apical meristems shootroot

37. AP Biology 10/4/2015 Root structure & growth

38. AP Biology 10/4/2015 Shoot growth  Terminal (apical) bud & primary growth of shoot  region of stem growth

39. AP Biology 10/4/2015 Shoot growth  Since woody plants grow from year to year, they evolved a different growth system than herbaceous plants which die back each year woodyherbaceous

40. AP Biology 10/4/2015 Growth in woody plants  Primary growth  restricted to youngest parts of plant  tips of roots & shoots (apical meristem)  Secondary growth  thickens & strengthens older part of tree  cork meristem makes bark  growing ring around tree = cork cambium  vascular meristem makes xylem & phloem  growing ring around tree = vascular cambium

41. AP Biology 10/4/2015 Woody stem cork cambium vascular cambium xylem early late phloem bark How old is this tree?

42. AP Biology 10/4/2015 Woody stem cork cambium vascular cambium xylem early late phloem bark  Phloem produced to the outside  Xylem produced to the inside

43. AP Biology 10/4/2015  Woody plants grow in height from tip  apical meristem  Woody plants grow in diameter (girth) from sides  vascular cambium Growth in woody plants

44. AP Biology 10/4/2015 Tree trunk anatomy tree girdling What does girdling do to a tree?