1. The Cell
The basic unit of life

2. Cell History Cytology- study of cells
1665 English Scientist Robert Hooke
Used a microscope to examine cork (plant)
Hooke called what he saw "Cells"

3. Cell History Robert Brown Matthias Schleiden Theodor Schwann
discovered the nucleus in 1833.
Matthias Schleiden
German Botanist Matthias Schleiden
1838
all plants "are composed of cells".
Theodor Schwann
Also in 1838,
discovered that animals were made of cells

4. Cell History Rudolf Virchow
1855, German Physician
" THAT CELLS ONLY COME FROM OTHER CELLS".
His statement debunked "Theory of Spontaneous Generation" 

5. Cell Theory
The COMBINED work of Schleiden, Schwann, and Virchow make up the modern CELL THEORY.

6. The Cell Theory states that:
1. All living things are composed of a cell or cells.
2. Cells are the basic unit of life.
3. All cells come from preexisting cells.

7. Modern Day- Lynn Margulis
American biologist and University Professor at the University of Massachusetts.
best known for ENDOSYMBIOTIC THEORY published in 1966.
interdependence and cooperative existence of multiple prokaryotic organisms; one organism engulfed another, yet both survived and eventually evolved over millions of years into eukaryotic cells.
now generally accepted for how certain organelles were formed.

8. Cell Diversity
cells within the same organism show enormous diversity in:
size
shape
internal organization

9. 1. Cell Size
female egg - largest cell in the human body; seen without the aid of a microscope
most cells are visible only with a microscope.

10. Cells are small for 2 Reasons
Limited in size by the RATIO between their outer surface area and their volume. 
A small cell has more SURFACE AREA than a large cell for a GIVEN VOLUME OF CYTOPLASM. 
This is important because the nutrients, oxygen, and other materials a cell requires must enter through it surface. 
As a cell grows larger at some point its surface area becomes too Small to allow these materials to enter the cell quickly enough to meet the cell's need.

11. Cells are Small Reason 2:
the cell's nucleus (the brain) can only control a certain amount of living, active cytoplasm.

12. 2. Cell Shape Diversity of form reflects a diversity of function.
THE SHAPE OF A CELL DEPENDS ON ITS FUNCTION.

13. 3. Internal Organization
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Prokaryotic Cell
Eukaryotic Cell
Nucleus
Organelles

14. Endoplasmic reticulum
Compare and Contrast
Prokaryotes- only bacteria
Eukaryotes-plants, animals, fungi, protists
Cell membrane
Contain DNA
Ribosomes
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes
Vacuoles
Mitochondria
Cytoskeleton

15. Prokaryotic Examples
ONLY Bacteria

16. Two Kinds: Plant and Animal
EUKARYOTIC CELLS
Two Kinds:
Plant and Animal

17. Eukaryotic Example

18. Plant Cell Section 7-2 Smooth endoplasmic Vacuole reticulum (free)
Nuclear
envelope
Ribosome
(attached)
(free)
Smooth endoplasmic
reticulum
Nucleus
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Nucleolus
Golgi apparatus
Mitochondrion
Cell wall
Cell
Membrane
Chloroplast
Vacuole
Plant Cell

19. Endoplasmic reticulum
Venn Diagrams
Compare and Contrast
Animal Cells
Plant Cells
Centrioles
Cell membrane
Ribosomes
Nucleus
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes
Vacuoles
Mitochondria
Cytoskeleton
Cell Wall
Chloroplasts

20. Internal Organization
Cells contain ORGANELLES.
Cell Components that PERFORMS SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS FOR THE CELL.

21. Cellular Organelles The Plasma membrane The boundary of the cell.
Composed of three distinct layers.
Two layers of fat and one layer of protein.

22. The Nucleus Brain of Cell
Bordered by a porous membrane - nuclear envelope.
Contains thin fibers of DNA and protein called Chromatin.
Rod Shaped Chromosomes
Contains a small round nucleolus
produces ribosomal RNA which makes ribosomes.

23. Ribosomes Small non-membrane bound organelles. Contain two sub units
Site of protein synthesis.
Protein factory of the cell
Either free floating or attached to the Endoplasmic Reticulum.

24. Endoplasmic Reticulum
Complex network of transport channels.
Two types:
Smooth- ribosome free and functions in poison detoxification.
Rough - contains ribosomes and releases newly made protein from the cell.

25. Golgi Apparatus
A series of flattened sacs that modifies, packages, stores, and transports materials out of the cell.
Works with the ribosomes and Endoplasmic Reticulum.

26. Lysosomes Recycling Center
Recycle cellular debris
Membrane bound organelle containing a variety of enzymes.
Internal pH is 5.
Help digest food particles inside or out side the cell.

27. Centrioles Found only in animal cells
Paired organelles found together near the nucleus, at right angles to each other.
Role in building cilia and flagella
Play a role in cellular reproduction

28. Cytoskeleton Cell membrane Endoplasmic reticulum Microtubule
Microfilament
Ribosomes
Mitochondrion

29. Cytoskeleton Framework of the cell
Contains small microfilaments and larger microtubules.
They support the cell, giving it its shape and help with the movement of its organelles.

30. Mitochondrion Double Membranous It’s the size of a bacterium
Contains its own DNA; mDNA
Produces high energy compound ATP

31. The Chloroplast Double membrane Center section contains grana
Thylakoid (coins) make up the grana.
Stroma - gel-like material surrounding grana
Found in plants and algae.

32. The Vacuole
Sacs that help in food digestion or helping the cell maintain its water balance.
Found mostly in plants and protists.

33. Cell Wall
Extra structure surrounding its plasma membrane in plants, algae, fungi, and bacteria.
Cellulose – Plants
Chitin – Fungi
Peptidoglycan - Bacteria

34. Review A. The Discovery of the Cell 1.Robert Hooke 2.The Cell Theory
Section 7-1
Review
A. The Discovery of the Cell
1.Robert Hooke
2.The Cell Theory
B. Exploring Cell Diversity
1. Size
2. Shape
3. Internal Organization
C. Two types of cells
1. Prokaryote
2. Eukaryote

35. Cell Types (Review) Eukaryotic
1. Contains a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles.
2. Rod shaped chromosomes
3. Found in all kingdoms except the Eubacteria and Archaebacteria
Prokaryotic
Does not contain a nucleus or other membrane bound organelles.
Circular chromosome
Found only in the Eubacteria and Archaebacteria Kingdoms