1. COGNITION VIEWS ON HOW WE THINK AND ACQUIRE KNOWLEDGE

2. What is cognition?  How we think  acquire knowledge  Imagine  plan and solve problems

3. Mental Images  One tool in thought process  Use everyday  Helps us remember where we parked our car  Find furniture for home  Relax in daydreaming

4. Concepts  Class or category of objects  Allows us to communicate with each other

5. Types of Concepts  Super ordinate Concept  Basic level type  Most general form…a dog is a dog  Subordinate Concept  More specific  Poodle, Lab, Great Dane

6. Types of Concepts  Formal Concepts  Specific rules or features  Rigid  Science and math  Natural Concepts  Formed as a result of the real world  More fuzzy

7. Prototypes  An example of a concept that closely matches the defining characteristics  May be influenced by area we grow up in

8. Problem Solving  When a goal must be reached  Thinking and feeling in a certain way  Trial and Error  One solution after another

9. algorithms  Solve problems through formal reasoning  step-by-step, routine or mechanical procedure for solving a problem  Exhausting all the possibilities

10. heuristics  “rule of thumb” strategies to simplify a problem or guide an investigation  Educated guess based on prior experience  Advice from those we respect  “word of mouth”

11. heuristics  Representative  Categorizing objects  Availability  Estimation of the frequency of an event based on how easy to recall  Means-ends analysis  Difference between the starting situation and the goal is determined and then steps are taken to reduce that difference

12. The Limits of Heuristics  In many situations heuristics are the only way to tackle a complex problem  Since they rely on assumptions, occasionally they lead to bad decisions and mistakes  Will Not always lead to the correct solution

13. Insight  You have a corked bottle with a coin in it, how do you get it out without removing the cork?  Aha moment!

14. Errors in problem solving  Confirmation Bias  Search for evidence that fits our beliefs  Functional Fixedness  Block when we only think of object in typical manner  Mental Sets  We get stuck on using techniques that have worked in the past

15. How would you attach candle to the wall??

17. Creativity  Entirely new way of looking at the problem  Combining ideas and or behavior in new ways

18. Thinking  Convergent  Only one answer  All lines of thinking lead to same answer  Divergent  Many different ideas  Creative, and intelligence

19. Divergent thinkers  Not all attention is focused on solution  Higher mental process  Less prone to some of the barriers of problem solving  Broad range of knowledge  Aren’t afraid to be different  independent

20. Intelligence  Ability to learn from one’s experience  Acquire knowledge  Use resources effectively

21. Theories of intelligence  Spearman's G Factor  G Factor-general intelligence  S Factor-Specific intelligence  Over simplified

22. Gardener’s Multiple intelligences  Naturalist Intelligence  botanist or chef  Existential Intelligence  Interpersonal Intelligence  Teachers, social workers, actors, and politicians  Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence  Athletes, dancers, surgeons, and craftspeople

23. Gardner’s Intelligence  Musical Intelligence  composers, conductors, musicians, vocalist, and sensitive listeners  Linguistic Intelligence  poets, novelists, journalists, and effective public speakers  Intra-personal Intelligence  psychologist, spiritual leaders, and philosophers

24. Gardner’s Intelligence  Spatial Intelligence  Sailors, pilots, sculptors  Logical-Mathematical Intelligence  Mathematicians, scientists, and detectives

25. Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory  Analytical  Break problems down to solve  Creative  New ways to problem solve  Practical  Street smarts

26. IQ Tests   Fifth addition   Measures   Fluid reasoning   Knowledge   Quantitative processing   Visual-spatial processing   Working memory   Mental age versus chronological age   IQ = MA/CA X 100   Many kids are given this test at age 7 or 8

27. Test Questions

28.  STRAWBERRY:RED (A) peach:ripe (B) leather:brown (C) grass:green (D) orange:round (E) lemon:yellow

29. IQ Cultural Bias   Test questions were originally designed without thought of cultures   White America   Very Difficult to develop a test free of cultural bias/needs to be culturally fair   Need to be developed with little to no language   Non verbal abilities   Does well at predicting academic success for those at the higher and lower ends of the curves

30. Dove Counterbalance IQ Test  How long should one boil chitlins while preparing them? A. Five Minutes B. Three Hours C. 24 Hours D. 45 Minutes

31. Intellectual Disabilty   Defined by   IQ below 70   Adaptive behavior   Present below age of 18   Causes   Unhealthy living conditions   Prenatal care   Poor nutrition during the formative years   Biological/heredity

32. Giftedness  IQ above 140  2% of the population