1. Education in Nuclear and Particle Physics in Bulgaria L. Litov University of Sofia

2. Education in Nuclear and Particle Physics in Bulgaria ECFA Sofia, 7 May 2010 L. Litov Status of Nuclear and Particle Physics in BG  Nuclear and Particle physics in Bulgaria  Well developed  Strong tradition (science, education, applications)  Bulgaria is  founding member of JINR – Dubna  Member of CERN since 1999

3. Education in Nuclear and Particle Physics in Bulgaria ECFA Sofia, 7 May 2010 L. Litov Status of Nuclear and Particle Physics in BG  Education and scientific investigations in NP physics  University of Sofia Science and education  University of Plovdiv Science and education (mainly nuclear physics)  University of Shoumen Mostly education – teachers in physics  South-West University – Blagoevgrad Mostly education – teachers in physics  Institute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy of BAS Science and PhD

4. Education in Nuclear and Particle Physics in Bulgaria ECFA Sofia, 7 May 2010 L. Litov University of Sofia  University of Sofia  Biggest and oldest university in Bulgaria  Covers practically all scientific fields  16 faculties  2700 staff  26000 students  Faculty of Physics  Biggest faculty of the University  Staff – 250  Students – 600  13 Departments  Education in Nuclear and Particle Physics  Atomic Physics Department  Theoretical Physics Department  Nuclear Engineering Department

5. Education in Nuclear and Particle Physics in Bulgaria ECFA Sofia, 7 May 2010 Staff qualification  Nuclear physics  Nuclear structure (partly covered by D. Balabanski}  Experiments at different accelerators in Europe and USA  Particle physics  Fixed target experiments (PS, SPS) NA48, NA48/1, NA48/2, NA49, NA62 (to be covered by V. Kozhuharov)  LHC CMS – (to be covered by V. Genchev)  Neutrino physics CHORUS, HARP, OPERA, NA61, MICE (to be covered by R. Tsenov)  Medical physics (to be covered by B. Pavlov)  Grid and high performance computing (to be covered by E. Atanasov)  Nuclear electronics L. Litov

6. Education in Nuclear and Particle Physics in Bulgaria ECFA Sofia, 7 May 2010 L. Litov Atomic physics department  Biggest department at the faculty (staff – 30)  Responsible for (bachelor degree)  General education in the field of Atomic, Nuclear and Particle physics  Specialization in Nuclear physics Particle physics Dosimetry and radiation protection Medical physics Computational physics Significantly helps education in nuclear engineering

7. Education in Nuclear and Particle Physics in Bulgaria ECFA Sofia, 7 May 2010 L. Litov Atomic physics department  Master degree  Nuclear and particle physics  Significant part of Medical physics  Scientific activities and PhD  Produces about 28% of scientific publications of the faculty  Particle physics  Nuclear physics (nuclear structure)  Dosimetry and radiation protection  Natural radioactivity  Medical physics – detectors, drug design  Biophysics  Nuclear electronics  Computational physics – simulations of complex atomic and molecular systems

8. Education in Nuclear and Particle Physics in Bulgaria ECFA Sofia, 7 May 2010 L. Litov Education in physics  Bachelor degree  Faculty of Physics - specializations  Physics (all Universities)  Engineering physics (Sofia and Plovdiv)  Nuclear engineering (Sofia and Plovdiv)  Physics and mathematics – teachers (Sofia, Plovdiv, Shumen)  Astronomy, geophysics and meteorology (Sofia)  Medical physics (started 2008) (Sofia)  Physics and informatics (started 2008) (Sofia and Plovdiv)  Communications and physics electronics – (started 2009) (Sofia)

9. Education in Nuclear and Particle Physics in Bulgaria ECFA Sofia, 7 May 2010 L. Litov Education in physics  Master degree  Faculty of Physics (Sofia)  About 20 programs  Nuclear and particle physics  Nuclear engineering  Medical physics  Faculty of Physics (Plovdiv)  Nuclear applications  PhD degree  Nuclear physics (Sofia, Plovdiv, INRNE)  Particle physics (Sofia, INRNE)  Nuclear engineering (Sofia, INRNE)  Medical Physics (Sofia, Plovdiv)  Dosimetry and radiation protection (Sofia, Plovdiv, INRNE)

10. Education in Nuclear and Particle Physics in Bulgaria ECFA Sofia, 7 May 2010 L. Litov Education in Nuclear and Particle Physics  All students at the Faculty of Physics of SU pass two general courses  Atomic physics and interaction of the ionizing radiation with mater  Nuclear and particle physics  Students from the other Universities  Atomic and nuclear physics  Bachelor degree – early specialization (3 rd & 4 th year) (Sofia)  Nuclear physics  Particle physics  Medical physics  Nuclear engineering  Diploma thesis – review of some scientific problem  Students join a scientific group to prepare the thesis – actual start of scientific investigations

11. Education in Nuclear and Particle Physics in Bulgaria ECFA Sofia, 7 May 2010 L. Litov Nuclear physics  Experimental nuclear physics  Theoretical nuclear physics  Dosimetry and radiation protection  Nuclear electronics  Nuclear reactions  Radiation biophysics and radiation protection  Introduction in particle physics  Introduction in particle physics theory

12. Education in Nuclear and Particle Physics in Bulgaria ECFA Sofia, 7 May 2010 L. Litov Particle physics  Quantum field theory  Group theory  Introduction in particle physics  Introduction in particle physics theory  Gauge theory  Experimental nuclear physics  Theoretical nuclear physics  Dosimetry and radiation protection  Nuclear electronics  Nuclear reactions

13. Education in Nuclear and Particle Physics in Bulgaria ECFA Sofia, 7 May 2010 L. Litov Medical physics (Sofia University)  Image reconstruction and analysis in the medicine  Physical basics of x-ray and radionuclide diagnostics  Clinical dosimetry  Dosimetry and radiation protection  Radiation biophysics  Metrology of ionizing radiation  MRI tomography  Physical methods in the medicine  Nuclear physics methods in the medicine  Monte-Carlo simulations of ionizing particle mater interactions  Natural radioactivity and radioecology

14. Education in Nuclear and Particle Physics in Bulgaria ECFA Sofia, 7 May 2010 L. Litov Master degree (Sofia University)  Standard model of electroweak and strong interactions  Symmetries in particle physics  Nuclear models  Nuclear structure  Modeling of physical processes  Theory of nuclear reactions  Natural radioactivity and radioecology  Nuclear electronics – 2  Object oriented programming  Theoretical astrophysics  Radiochemistry  Moessbauer effect and Moessbauer spectroscopy  Radiation biophysics  Modern problems of nuclear physics  Introduction in high performance computing

15. Education in Nuclear and Particle Physics in Bulgaria ECFA Sofia, 7 May 2010 L. Litov Master degree (Sofia University)  Weak interactions of elementary particles  Theoretical astrophysics  Supersymmetry, quantum deformations and models of interacting systems  Introduction in string and superstring theory  Automation of the physical experiment  Physics beyond the Standard Model  Preparation of diploma thesis (one semester) Requirement – to solve some scientific problem Actually students participate in scientific investigations from the very beginning of the Master degree education Participation in international schools, including CERN summer school, JINR, GSI etc. Participation in real experiments  Since 2000 – 49 students – 75% in particle physics

16. Education in Nuclear and Particle Physics in Bulgaria ECFA Sofia, 7 May 2010 L. Litov Laboratories (Sofia University)  Atomic and Nuclear physics (2 laboratories) all students in physics pass through this laboratories  Experimental nuclear physics  Dosimetry and radiation protection  Natural and low radiation  Metrology of ionizing radiation  Nuclear electronics  Particle physics  Biophysics  Medical physics  Computational physics  Grid computing and particle physics  High performance computing  CMS center

17. Education in Nuclear and Particle Physics in Bulgaria ECFA Sofia, 7 May 2010 Grid cluster of Sofia University

18. Education in Nuclear and Particle Physics in Bulgaria ECFA Sofia, 7 May 2010 CMS center at Sofia University

19. Education in Nuclear and Particle Physics in Bulgaria ECFA Sofia, 7 May 2010 CMS center at Sofia University

20. Education in Nuclear and Particle Physics in Bulgaria ECFA Sofia, 7 May 2010 PhD degree  Requirements  Independent scientific investigation  At least 1 publication in international journal with impact factor + at least one publication in conference proceedings  In reality – 3-4 publications  3 years + 6 months without stipendium - not enough  Since 2000  Sofia University – 14 PhD students in particle physics NA48/1/2 – 5, CMS – 4, NA49 – 2, HARP – 1, MICE – 1, Julich – 1 INRNE – 2 CMS – 2  Many PhD students outside Bulgaria L. Litov

21. Education in Nuclear and Particle Physics in Bulgaria ECFA Sofia, 7 May 2010 L. Litov Conclusions  Main problems  Decreasing number of students  Particular case of the decreasing number of students in natural and technical disciplines  Big flow of students to other EU countries and USA  Special program to attract young people is necessary  Very old laboratory equipment  Equipment does not correspond to the 21 st century  Strong dynamics in the technology development  Full refurbishment of the laboratories needed  Sharp decreasing of the number of PhD students during last years  low stipendium  brain drain problem

22. Education in Nuclear and Particle Physics in Bulgaria ECFA Sofia, 7 May 2010 To do list  Increase the number of students  Change of the program in the high schools (last two years)  Work with school teachers and pupils  Special programs to attract students (government + universities)  Special care for talented students  Programs for dissemination of the scientific and technical achievements of particle physics  Introduction of new laboratory exercises  Improvement of lecturer and students mobility  Increase of PhD students support  Attraction of foreign students L. Litov

23. Education in Nuclear and Particle Physics in Bulgaria ECFA Sofia, 7 May 2010 L. Litov Thank you for your attention

24. Education in Nuclear and Particle Physics in Bulgaria ECFA Sofia, 7 May 2010 L. Litov Nuclear engineering  Nuclear power stations  Nuclear electronics  Neutron physics  Physics of nuclear reactors  Electrical machines and apparatus  Introduction in the nuclear technologies  Dosimetry and radiation protection  Theoretical nuclear physics  Experimental nuclear physics  Calculation methods in the nuclear technology  Nuclear reaction