1. Eubacteria and Archaea
2.1 The Prokaryotes
Eubacteria and Archaea

2. Characteristics
One-celled
Lack membrane-bound organelles
1𝜇𝑚−2𝜇m long

3. Diagram Plasmid (small loop of DNA) Capsule (protection)
Flagellum (locomotion)
Pilli (attachment)

4. Habitat lives anywhere… Inside your body Outside your body Water Soil
Hot springs
Ice

5. Prevalence
types
< 1% possible species

6. Roles Pathogens (cause disease) Decomposers Producers
Mutualistic roles (human intestines making vitamins K and B12)
Commercial uses (yogurt, cheese, soy sauce)
Antibiotics
Geochemical cycles (N cycle)

7. 6 Major Groups Group Key Features Proteobacteria (Purple bacteria)
Photosynthetic
Nitrogen-fixing
Disease-causing
Green bacteria
Salt water/hot springs
Cyanobacteria
(blue-green algae)
Aquatic producers/nitrogen fixers
Gram-positive bacteria
Food production
Lost cell wall, smallest
Spirochetes
Flagellum, cork-screw motion
Disease-causing, digests wood
Chlamydias
Parasitic

8. Shapes Coccus (round) Bacillus (rod-shaped) Spirillum (spiral-shaped)
Diplo-…found in pairs
Staphylo-…found in clumps
Strepto-…found in strings

9. Shapes
Name these:

10. Answers diplococcus, staphylococcus streptococcus

11. Metabolism Autotrophic or heterotrophic Obligate aerobes…need O2
Facultative aerobes…can switch to anaerobic fermentation in the absence of O2
Obligate anaerobes…need zero O2

12. Reproduction
Binary Fission

13. Conjugation

14. Transformation
Cells pick up a loose fragment of DNA from its surroundings.

15. Horizontal Gene Transfer
new DNA comes from a different species.

16. Endospore
Highly resistant structure forms around chromosome when cell is under stress.

17. Diseases Cholera Diphtheria Lyme disease Pertussis Scarlet fever
Tetanus
E. coli

18. Antibiotics
Bacteria adapt and become resistant

19. Archaea Subgroup Key features Methanogens Low oxygen environments
Convert chemicals into methane
Swamps, lakes, marshes, sewage, digestive tracts
Halophiles
Salt-loving
Dead Sea, preserved foods
Aerobic, organic food, some use light
Extreme thermophiles
Hot places, 70°C to 90°C
Hotsprings, hydrothermal vents
Psychrophiles
Cold places -10°C to -20°C
Antarctic and Artic oceans