1. Between Two Fires

2. Europe in 1919

5. The Weimar Republic: 1919-1933 Provides democratic government until Nazi rise to power.

6. The “Stabbed-in-the-Back” Theory Disgruntled German WWI veterans

7. Worldwide Depression Economic nationalism New York Stock Exchange collapse 6 million Germans unemployed Increased inflation Increased communism

8. The German Mark

9. The Great Depression (1929-1941)

10. The German Mark

11. Rise of Fascism In Italy And Germany

13. What is fascism? 1.“state” focus 2.Middle class oriented 3.Private property/state resources 4.Nationalistic

14. Where has fascism been practiced? 1.Germany Hitler 2.Italy Mussolini 3. Spain Franco 4. Japan Tojo

15. Characteristics of Fascism 1. No strong theory-- promise every group what they want most

16. Example: Mussolini’s Promises “a little something to everyone” 1.Hungry?Bread 2.Worried about communism? Protect private property 3.Unemployed after war? Black Shirts

17. 2. Authoritarian cult of personality Ex: Hitler = Der Fuehrer Mussolini = Il Duce

18. 3. Ritual, ceremonies, symbols fasces swastika

19. 4. Class structure maintained and supported i.e. the privileges of middle and upper class are protected

20. 5. Protection of private property What classes are most likely to have private property?

21. Italy

22. Example: Cult of personality: Mussolini

23. Italy Benito Mussolini –Fascist Party –Black Shirts –Anti-Communist New Party –Fasci di Combattimento –appeal to veterans –Romans! Economic depression

25. October 1922 March on Rome Black Shirts

26. King Victor Emmanuel II Mussolini named Prime Minister Il Duce 1. “Made the trains run on time” 2. Censored press 3. Built up military 4. Agreement with Pope- Lateran Agreement

27. "Italy wants peace and quiet, work and calm. I will give these things with love if possible and with force if necessary.” -Benito Mussolini

28. "I believe in Rome, the Eternal, the mother of my country…… I believe in the genius of Mussolini …and in the resurrection of the Empire." Pledge required of the Balilla, the Fascist youth group of 14-18 year olds ( uniforms: all black) known as legionaries

29. Fascism vs. Communism How do they compare?

30. How does Fascism work? 1. Dictatorship 2. Police-state 3. Militaristic 4. Syndicated economy focused on military production

31. The French in the Ruhr: 1923

32. Hitler’s position of power, and how he achieved it. Jason Weddington

33. Post World War I Politics Hitler’s membership to the German Worker Party.

34. Failed Coup over the Weimar Republic and the Bavarian Government 1923 Beer Hall Putsch—Prison—Mein Kampf

35. The Beer Hall Putsch: 1923

36. The Beer Hall Putsch Idealized

37. Hitler in Landesberg Prison

38. Mein Kampf [My Struggle]

39. The New Chairman of the Nazi Party

40. Ritualistic and Ceremonial

41. Rise of Nazi Party 1919-Hitler denounces Weimar Republic Economic distress Harmed middle class especially Worldwide depression Fear of communism Nationalism Aryan “Master Race” Anti-Semitism

42. Nazi Party Continues to Grow

44. Votes Go Up in the Reichstag Nazis Gain Seats 1930

45. Hitler appointed Chancellor 1933

46. Reichstag Fire 1933

47. Hitler’s Lebensraum Program “I have issued the command - and I'll have anybody who utters but one word of criticism executed by a firing squad - that our war aim does not consist in reaching certain lines, but in the physical destruction of the enemy. Accordingly, I have placed my death-head formations in readiness - for the present only in the East - with orders to them to send to death mercilessly and without compassion, men, women, and children of Polish derivation and language. Only thus shall we gain the living space (Lebensraum) which we need. Who, after all, speaks today of the annihilation of the Armenians?“ -Hitler’s speech in preparation for the invasion of Poland.

48. Night of the Long Knives June 30, 1934

49. A Total State Hitler established youth organizations to ensure a strong future for his totalitarian state: “In the presence of this blood banner, which represents our Fuhrer, I Swear to devote all my energies and my strength to the savior of our country Adolf Hitler. I am willing and ready to give up my life for him, so help me God.”

50. 1935 Nuremberg Laws

51. Nuremberg Laws 1935 Section 1 1. Marriages between Jews and citizens of German or kindred blood are forbidden. Marriages concluded in defiance of this law are void, even if, for the purpose of evading this law, they were concluded abroad. 2. Proceedings for annulment may be initiated only by the Public Prosecutor. Section 2 Sexual relations outside marriage between Jews and nationals of German or kindred blood are forbidden. Section 3 Jews will not be permitted to employ female citizens of German or kindred blood as domestic servants. Section 4 1. Jews are forbidden to display the Reich and national flag or the national colors. 2. On the other hand they are permitted to display the Jewish colors. The exercise of this right is protected by the State.

52. Kristallnacht November 9-10, 1938 30,000 Jews sent to concentration camps

54. Japan Hirohito- Constitutional Monarch Militarism 1931 invasion of Manchuria

55. Create a Visual for each of the following men—annotate the visual with their contributions to their field of study Einstein Freud Picasso