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I. The Transformation of Europe (1450-1750)
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A. Changing Balance of Power 1.The Church: “Reformations” 2.The Mind: Scientific Revolution & the Enlightenment 3.The Economy: Mercantilism 4.Politics: “Absolute” Monarchs 5.The State: Rise of Nationalism
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B. Corruption: 1. simony – the sale of Church offices 2. indulgences – buying away sins “The moment the coin tinkles in the collecting box, a soul flies out of Purgatory” 3. Pope Leo X increases indulgences to build St. Peter’s Basilica 4. Moral abuses: about 1/5 of all priests kept concubines
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Saint Peter’s Basilica (constructed 1506-1626 )
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C. Martin Luther “Help me Saint Anne, I will become a monk!” 1. Nails 95 Theses (or reasons) why he feels the church is corrupt… 2. faith alone key to salvation” Romans I:17 “The just shall live by faith” 4. believed Pope NOT head of Church
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5. June 15, 1520 Luther excommunicated & declared a heretic 6. Summoned to town of Worms (Diet of Worms) “I cannot and I will not retract anything, since it is neither safe nor right to go against conscience.” -Martin Luther Pope Leo X
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Luther tosses the Papal Bull (excommunication papers) into a fire at Wittenberg: Luther defends himself at the Diet of Worms:
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D. Outcome of Worms: 1.Luther’s condemned by Catholic Church & declared outlaw 2.German princes hide Luther 3.translated New Testament into German 4.peasants assumed Luther’s also meant political freedom & revolted (1525)… 5.Lutheranism spreads quickly in Germany (forbade games, dancing, & fun; encouraged hard labor) 6.Wars of religion through Europe
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Protestant Reformation spreads: 1. Ulrich Zwingli (Switzerland): - literal interpretation of Bible 2. John Calvin (France): - idea of predestination (an “elect” was already chosen by God to be saved…) 3. Henry VIII (England): - Church of England
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E. Counter Reformation (or Catholic Reformation) The Church enacts the following: I.Creates Jesuits (founded by Ignatius of Loyola) II.The Church reforms the role of the pope (no more finances or political affairs) III.Creates the Council of Trent
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Council of Trent 1. met in three major sessions from 1545-1563 2. reaffirmed Catholic beliefs & rituals 3.ONLY the Church can interpret Scripture 4. faith & good works; purgatory real & indulgences o.k…. 5. created Baroque style of art & music
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Religions in Europe ca. 1560
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Do the religious differences between Europeans resemble religious conflicts in other major world religions? --Sunni & Shi’ia in Islam --split in Buddhism (Theravada, Mahayana, Zen) --Confucianism & Buddhism in China
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F. Witch Hunts 1.“Witch Craze” 16 th -17 th c. linked to social upheaval, tensions, rural-urban disparities 2.more than 100,000 accused, at least 1/3 burned at stake 3.75%-85% were women
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G. The Scientific Revolution Key thinkers: 1.Copernicus (1473-1543): sun at center of Heavens 2.Tycho Brahe (1546-1601) & asst. Johannes Kepler: --planets move in elliptical orbits 3.Galileo Galilei (1564-1642): telescope 4. Sir Issac Newton: 3 Laws of Motion
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II. The Commercial Revolution
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A. The Enlightenment 1.if scientific laws govern physical objects…laws govern social behavior 2.movement called “Enlightenment” concerned with ideas about nature of “man” & concept of “good gov’t” 3.most considered dangerous to status quo
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B. Philosophy of the Enlightenment 1.Led by “philosophes” 2.focus on reason & faith in science 3.religious tolerance & political equality 4.kings did NOT rule by divine right but by consent of people 5.unjust ruler=revolution
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Thomas Hobbes C. The Thinkers: John Locke: tabula rasa (“blank slate”) Hobbes: “life is nasty, brutish, & short” Rousseau: “noble savage” Voltaire: toleration “I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it.” Jean-Jacques Rousseau
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D. Commercial Revolution 1.Wealth from exploration causes urban explosion bourgeoisie 2.Urban class: bourgeoisie (burghers in German) 3.city of Amsterdam financial center of Europe - developed maritime technology (“flyboats” & “East Indiaman”)
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Dutch East India Company Fleet
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E. The Netherlands 1.Netherlands: few domestic resources led to major technological innovations & overseas trade 2.attracted skilled craftsmen (many expelled from Spain & Protestant “outcasts”) 3.developed industries: textiles, sugar refining, beer brewing, cutting tobacco, ceramics, printing 4.decentralized gov’t: encouraged economic interaction
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Dutch Economics 1.Dutch Banks: secure; accepted all currencies 2.Joint Stock Companies: backed by gov’t charters to establish trade monopolies & then sold shares to raise capital (Dutch East India Company)Dutch East India Company --shares bought/sold on ‘stock exchange’ (Amsterdam Exchange) 3.Insurance Companies: by 1700 standard practice to ensure long voyages
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Dutch Economic Empire
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F. New Economic Rivals 1.Dutch ships dominated all sea trade until… 2.Britain broke Dutch dominance through wars (1660-1700) 3.Britain major creditor nation (central banks) 4.France unsuccessful in taxing aristocracy 5.Britain “winner” of commercial war
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The Enclosure MovementThe Enclosure Movement: – English landlords fence off land, privatize ‘commons’ – selected breeding of sheep, cattle – importation of crops from New World: potatoes & corn
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Discuss the ways in which the Renaissance, Reformation, Enlightenment, & Commercial Revolution had an impact on the political & economic organization of Europe.Pre-Write 1.Change 1. 3 facts 2. analysis sentence 2. Continuity 1. 3 facts 2. analysis sentence 3. Global Context 1. 3 facts 2. analysis sentence
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All invoked changes in popular mentality that affected political organization Northern Renaissance - attacked authority of church, allowed state to control church, increase in ceremony, & greater interest in military conquest & exploration Reformation – concept of shared authority, Protestant regions more likely to have parliamentary govt., seize church possessions Enlightenment – ability of state to benefit all citizens, concept of improvement & progress, enlightened despotism, development of more centralized governments w/ more power.
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