1. Using the biology of weeds to leverage weed management Chuck Mohler Cornell University

2. Weeds are plants that thrive in disturbed environments For example, in a farm field Our crops are mostly annual plants - they live for one season We kill off natural vegetation & disturb the soil to make conditions suitable for crops But this also creates habitats for weeds

3. Many ways to be a weed Annuals –Summer annuals –Winter annuals Perennials –Stationary perennials Taproots Fibrous roots –Wandering perennials Bulbs & tubers Rhizomes or storage roots

4. Outline Two general examples Managing perennials through exhaustion of roots and rhizomes Choosing an appropriate tillage regimen for depleting a weed seed bank A specific example – your choice

5. Wandering perennials Spread by thickened storage roots or by rhizomes (underground stems)

6. Apical dominance in perennials

7. Shoot above ground Shoot below ground New rhizomes Old rhizome fragment

8. Management of perennials Key is exhaustion of reserves. Time shoot removal relative to growth stage Shallow roots & rhizomes – chop & bury, Deep roots & rhizomes – hit them often Competitive crops, frequently cultivated crops, short season crops

9. Choosing a tillage regimen for managing a weed seed bank

10. Seeds of most weeds are tiny – why? Disturbed environments are risky Tiny seeds spread the risk over many offspring Seedlings can be small because in a recently disturbed environment they have little competition. Seedlings have limited resources

11. Small seeded species only emerge if near the soil surface

12. Seed longevity

13. Seeds survive better deep in the soil

14. Death near the soil surface Seed predation Wetting and drying Freeze-thaw Dzier włochaty (Harpalus rufipes Dej.) w pełnym biegu. Dzier włochaty (Harpalus rufipes Dej.) w pełnym biegu.

15. Plowing vs. minimum tillage? Small seeded species with short lived seeds  plow them under –Most will die before they find their way to surface again –Example: hairy galinsoga –Needs to be in the top ¼” to emerge –So if mixed into 8” of soil, the average return time will be 32 years –But few live longer than 2 or 3 years.

16. Large seeded species with long lived seeds  keep them near the surface –Their mortality will be greater at the surface –And most that are tilled under will come back to bother you later –Example: velvetleaf –Emerges well from the top 2” of soil –So if mixed into 8” of soil, the average return time to the emergence zone is 4 years –80-90% survival below 4” – 0.85x0.85x0.85x0.85=0.52 so 50+% will make it back into the safe-to-emerge zone before they die –<20% survival near the surface

17. Species with small, long lived seeds? Lambsquarters Wild mustard

18. Many other examples Germination cues –Cultivated fallows –Mulches –Stale seedbed Relative size of crop and weed seeds –Management of crop competition Plant size distributions –Reduction of weed seed production

19. “Manage Weeds on Your Farm: a Guide to Ecological Strategies” Mohler and DiTommaso, SAN Ecology of weeds Cultural control methods Physical control methods Farm case studies Identification, ecology and management of the 75 worst agricultural weeds in the United States

20. A specific example Most farms have many weeds, but only one or two really problem weeds Often need to focus on those http://www.css.cornell.edu/weedeco http://www.organic.cornell.edu/ocs/index.html