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Plants: Angiosperms
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Remember….. What is the group of flowering plants?
In what structure is the plant embryo found which is made from a flower? What is the protective structure that surrounds a seed called? Angiosperms Seeds Fruits
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A. Flowers 1. Flowers are organs of reproduction in angiosperms
2. Flowers contain male and female reproductive parts
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3. Parts of a flower a. Sepals- kinds of leaf that protect the bud, can be green or brightly colored b. Petals- kinds of leaf inside the sepals, protect reproductive parts of a flower sometimes have brightly colored petals and nice smell to attract pollinators (exs. roses and lilies) sometimes white or green and no smell (exs. grasses)
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c. Reproductive structures of a flower
1. Pistil (carpel)- female reproductive structure Usually one per flower, in the center contains stigma, style and ovary 2.Stamen- male reproductive structure Usually several per flower, around the pistil (carpel) Contains anther and filament
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4. Types of flowers a. Perfect flowers- both male and female parts, stamen and pistil/carpel Ex lily b. Imperfect flowers- only male (stamen) OR female (pistil/carpel) parts but not both Ex zucchini
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B. Reproduction with Flowers Seeds and Fruits
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Stamen: Male reproductive Structure
1. Stamen- contains anthers and filaments a. Filament- stalk that holds anther b. Anther- produces pollen grains which contain plant sperm, pollen released when it bursts open
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Pistil/Carpel: Female Reproductive Structure
2. Pistil/carpel contains stigma, style and ovary a. Stigma- sticky top that catches pollen b. Style- tube that connects stigma to ovary c. Ovary- bottom of pistil that contains ovules with eggs inside Ovary
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Pollination 3. Pollination- movement of pollen from anther of stamen to stigma of pistil/carpel Can occur by wind, insects, bats, birds, and water
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Pollination a. Self pollination- pollen travels from anther of stamen of a flower and lands on stigma of pistil of SAME flower, or on different flower on SAME plant, must be perfect b. Cross pollination-pollen travels from stamen of a flower to pistil of another flower on a DIFFERENT but similar plant, flowers can be perfect or imperfect
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Self pollination vs Cross pollination
Same Plant Different Plants
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Fertilization 4. Fertilization- as part of sexual reproduction it is the joining of the nuclei of male (sperm) and female (egg) sex cells of flowers Takes place inside the pistil
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Steps of pollination and Fertilization
a. Pollen grain from anther of stamen lands on stigma of pistil b. One cell from pollen forms a pollen tube from stigma through style to ovary c. Other cell from pollen is called sperm & moves through pollen tube to ovule of ovary where egg is d. Nuclei of sperm and egg join (fertilze) to form a zygote e. Fertilzed egg develops into a seed f. Seed contains an embryo,or baby plant, plus a cotyledon (endosperm)
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seed embryo
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5. Seeds and fruits a. Seeds- formed from mature (eggs in) ovules
b. Fruits- from mature ovary, form around seeds to protect them c. Name some plants that have fruits. All angiosperms have fruits
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C. Parts of a seed and germination
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1. Seed parts a. Seed coat- protects the embryo
b. Cotyledon- inside seed, used to absorb food from endosperm of seed for developing plant embryo Monocots (1 cotyledon) vs dicots (2 cotyledons)
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Seed parts c. Embryo- baby plant; has tiny root, stem and cotyledons (develop into leaves) d. Hilum- scar where seed was attached to ovary of flower
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2. Germination of seeds Germination- development of embryo inside seed into a new plant with good soil and water
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3. Seed dispersal Seed dispersal- Movement of seeds for germination
By wind, water, animals eating fruits and depositing seeds or carrying seeds on fur
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D. Asexual reproduction in plants
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Asexual reproduction 1. Asexual Reproduction involves one parent
Offspring are genetically identical to their parents
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Types of Asexual Reproduction
Vegatative propagation- asexual reproduction that uses plant parts to grow new plants Runners- underground stems Tubers- “buds or eyes” part of underground stems Spores- airborne particles stored in spore cases Bulbs- leafy, underground stems Cuttings- root, leaf or stem pieces
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Tubers Exs potatoes, yams Cuttings- asparagus roots bulbs runners
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E. Tropisms
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Tropisms/Plant Responses
Tropism- growth response to a stimulus, (usually by growing in a certain direction) Stimulus- a change that causes response Ex: light, touch, gravity or water
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5. Types of tropisms & Positive Vs Negative Tropisms
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Positive Tropism Negative Tropism Growth toward the stimulus
Growth away from the stimulus
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a. Phototropism Plant’s growth in response to light
Leaves and stems grow towards light
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b. Gravitropism Plant’s growth in response to gravity
Roots grow towards gravity and stems grow away from it
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c. Hydrotropism Plant’s growth in response to water
Roots grow towards water
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d. Thigmotropism Plant’s growth in response to touch
stems grow due to touch, grow around a structure Example: poison ivy
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