1. Myers’ Psychology for AP* David G. Myers *AP is a trademark registered and/or owned by the College Board, which was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, this product. PowerPoint Presentation Slides by Kent Korek Germantown High School Worth Publishers, © 2010

2. Unit 1: Psychology’s History and Approaches

3. Unit Overview What is Psychology? Contemporary Psychology Click on the any of the above hyperlinks to go to that section in the presentation.

4. What is Psychology?

5. Psychology’s Roots Prescientific Psychology Ancient Greeks –Socrates –Plato –Aristotle

6. Psychology’s Roots Prescientific Psychology Rene Descartes Francis Bacon John Locke –Tabula Rasa (blank slate) Empiricism

7. Psychology’s Roots Psychological Science is Born Wilhelm Wundt (1879) –University of Leipzig –Reaction time experiment

8. Wilhelm Wundt’s International Influence Leipzig, the place to study psychology – Graduates of Wundt’s program set up new labs across Europe and North America G. Stanley Hall (1846-1924), Johns Hopkins University – Established the first psychology laboratory in the U.S. in 1883 Between 1883 and 1893, 24 new laboratories in North America

9. Psychology’s Roots Thinking About the Mind’s Structure Edward Titchener –StructuralismStructuralism introspection

10. Psychology’s Roots Thinking About the Mind’s Function William James –FunctionalismFunctionalism –Mary Calkins –Margaret Floy Washburn Experimental psychology

11. Psychological Science Develops Sigmund Freud

12. Sigmund Freud and the Concept of the Unconscious Mind Sigmund Freud (1856-1939): Austria Founded Psychoanalytic school of thought Emphasis on unconscious processes influencing behavior – Unconscious = outside awareness

13. Freud’s Ideas: Controversy and Influence Behavior is influenced by the unconscious Unconscious conflict related to sexuality plays a central role in behavior Controversial notions caused debate/resistance Significant influence on the field of psychology

14. Psychological Science Develops Behaviorism –John B. Watson –B.F. Skinner –“study of observable behavior”

15. Behaviorism: Redefining Psychology John B. Watson (1878-1958): United States – Founder of Behaviorism Psychology = scientific study of behavior Behavior = overt or observable responses or activities – Radical reorientation of psychology as a science of observable behavior – Study of consciousness abandoned

16. John Watson and the Nature-Nurture Debate Nurture, not nature – “give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own special world to bring them up in and I’ll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select – doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant- chief, and yes, even beggar-man and thief…” Behaviorist school of thought emphasized the environment (nurture) Focus on stimulus-response relationships S-R psychology

17. Are people free? B.F. Skinner B.F. Skinner (1904-1990): United States – Environmental factors determine behavior – Responses that lead to positive outcomes are repeated – Responses that lead to negative outcomes are not repeated – Beyond Freedom and Dignity – More controversy regarding free will

18. Psychological Science Develops Humanistic psychology –Carl Rogers –Abraham Maslow

19. The 1950’s: Opposition to Psychoanalytic Theory and Behaviorism Charges that both were de-humanizing Diverse opposition groups got together to form a loose alliance A new school of thought emerged - Humanism – Led by Abraham Maslow (1908-1970) and Carl Rogers (1902-1987) – Emphasis on the unique qualities of humans: freedom and personal growth

20. Putting the Psyche Back in Psychology: The Return of Cognition Cognition = mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge 1950’s and 60’s – Piaget, Chomsky, and Simon – Application of scientific methods to studying internal mental events – Cognitive psychology: the new dominant perspective? Cognitive Neuroscience

21. Biological Psychology: The Biological Basis of Behavior – Biological perspective - behavior explained in terms of physiological processes James Olds (1956) – Electrical stimulation of the brain evokes emotional responses in animals Roger Sperry (1981) – Left and right brain specialization

22. Cultural Psychology: Recognizing Human Variation Ethnocentrism – viewing one’s own group as superior and as the standard for judging Historically: middle and upper class white males studying middle and upper class white males 1980’s – increased interest in how cultural factors influence behavior Growing global interdependence Increased cultural diversity

23. Evolutionary Psychology: Human Adaptations Central premise: natural selection occurs for behavioral, as well as physical, characteristics Buss, Daly & Wilson, Cosmides & Tooby – 80’s and 90’s Studied natural selection of mating preferences, jealousy, aggression, sexual behavior, language, decision making, personality, and development – Thought provoking perspective gaining in influence, but not without criticism

24. Positive Psychology Martin Seligman’s epiphany Humanist concerns revisited Uses theory and research to better understand the positive, creative, and fulfilling aspects of human existence – Positive subjective experiences – Positive individual traits – Positive institutions and communities

25. Table 1.1 Overview of Six Contemporary Theoretical Perspectives in Psychology

26. Psychological Approaches/Perspectives Biological psychology Evolutionary psychology Psychodynamic psychology Behavioral psychology Cognitive psychology Humanistic psychology Social-cultural psychology

27. Psychological Approaches/Perspectives

36. Contemporary Psychology

37. Psychological Science Develops Psychology –Science –Behavior –Mental processes

38. Psychology Today: A Thriving Science and Profession Psychology is the science that studies behavior and the physiological and cognitive processes that underlie it, and it is the profession that applies the accumulated knowledge of this science to practical problems. Research: Seven major areas Applied Psychology: Four major areas

39. Figure 1.8 Major research areas in contemporary psychology

40. Figure 1.9 Principal professional specialties in contemporary psychology

41. Studying Psychology: Seven Organizing Themes Psychology as a field of study: – Empirical – Theoretically diverse – Evolves in sociohistorical context Behavior: – Determined by multiple causes – Shaped by cultural heritage – Influenced jointly by heredity and environment People’s experience of the world is highly subjective.

42. Psychology’s Biggest Question Nature – Nurture Issue –Biology versus experience –History Greeks Rene Descartes Charles Darwin –Natural selectionNatural selection

43. Psychology’s Three Main Levels of Analysis Levels of Analysis –Biological –Psychological –Social-cultural Biopsychosocial Approach

44. Psychology’s Three Main Levels of Analysis

48. The End

49. Tips for Studying Psychology SQ3R Study Tips –Distribute your study time –Learn to think critically –In class, listen actively –Overlearn –Be a smart test-taker

50. Teacher Information Types of Files – This presentation has been saved as a “basic” Powerpoint file. While this file format placed a few limitations on the presentation, it insured the file would be compatible with the many versions of Powerpoint teachers use. To add functionality to the presentation, teachers may want to save the file for their specific version of Powerpoint. Animation – Once again, to insure compatibility with all versions of Powerpoint, none of the slides are animated. To increase student interest, it is suggested teachers animate the slides wherever possible. Adding slides to this presentation – Teachers are encouraged to adapt this presentation to their personal teaching style. To help keep a sense of continuity, blank slides which can be copied and pasted to a specific location in the presentation follow this “Teacher Information” section.

51. Teacher Information Hyperlink Slides - This presentation contains two types of hyperlinks. Hyperlinks can be identified by the text being underlined and a different color (usually purple). – Unit subsections hyperlinks: Immediately after the unit title slide, a page (slide #3) can be found listing all of the unit’s subsections. While in slide show mode, clicking on any of these hyperlinks will take the user directly to the beginning of that subsection. This allows teachers quick access to each subsection. – Bold print term hyperlinks: Every bold print term from the unit is included in this presentation as a hyperlink. While in slide show mode, clicking on any of the hyperlinks will take the user to a slide containing the formal definition of the term. Clicking on the “arrow” in the bottom left corner of the definition slide will take the user back to the original point in the presentation. These hyperlinks were included for teachers who want students to see or copy down the exact definition as stated in the text. Most teachers prefer the definitions not be included to prevent students from only “copying down what is on the screen” and not actively listening to the presentation. For teachers who continually use the Bold Print Term Hyperlinks option, please contact the author using the email address on the next slide to learn a technique to expedite the returnto the original point in the presentation.

52. Teacher Information Continuity slides – Throughout this presentation there are slides, usually of graphics or tables, that build on one another. These are included for three purposes. By presenting information in small chunks, students will find it easier to process and remember the concepts. By continually changing slides, students will stay interested in the presentation. To facilitate class discussion and critical thinking. Students should be encouraged to think about “what might come next” in the series of slides. Please feel free to contact me at kkorek@germantown.k12.wi.us with any questions, concerns, suggestions, etc. regarding these presentations.kkorek@germantown.k12.wi.us Kent Korek Germantown High School Germantown, WI 53022 262-253-3400 kkorek@germantown.k12.wi.us

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56. Definition Slides

57. Empiricism = the view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation.

58. Structuralism = an early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the structural elements of the human mind.

59. Functionalism = a school of psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioral processes function – how they enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish.

60. Experimental Psychology = the study of behavior and thinking using the experimental method.

61. Behaviorism = the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2).

62. Humanistic Psychology = historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and the individual’s potential for personal growth.

63. Cognitive Neuroscience = the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language).

64. Psychology = the science of behavior and mental processes.

65. Nature-Nurture Issue = the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors. Today’s science sees traits and behaviors arising from the interaction of nature and nurture.

66. Natural Selection = the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations.

67. Levels of Analysis = the differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social- cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon.

68. Biopsychosocial Approach = an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social- cultural levels of analysis.

69. Biological Psychology = a branch of psychology that studies the links between biological (including neuroscience and behavior genetics) and psychological processes.

70. Evolutionary Psychology = the study of the roots of behavior and mental processes using the principles of natural selection.

71. Psychodynamic Psychology = a branch of psychology that studies how unconscious drives and conflicts influence behavior, and uses that information to treat people with psychological disorders.

72. Behavioral Psychology = the scientific study of observable behavior, and its explanation by principles of learning.

73. Cognitive Psychology = the scientific study of all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.

74. Social-Cultural Psychology = the study of how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking.

75. Psychometrics = the scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits.

76. Basic Research = pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base.

77. Developmental Psychology = the scientific study of physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span.

78. Educational Psychology = the study of how psychological processes affect and can enhance teaching and learning.

79. Personality Psychology = the study of an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.

80. Social Psychology = the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another.

81. Applied Research = scientific study that aims to solve practical problems.

82. Industrial-Organizational (I/O) Psychology = the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces.

83. Human Factors Psychology = the study of how people and machines interact resulting in the design of machines and environments.

84. Counseling Psychology = a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, and marriage) and in achieving greater well-being.

85. Clinical Psychology = a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders.

86. Psychiatry = a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who often provide medical (for example, drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy.

87. SQ3R = a study method incorporating five steps; Survey, Question, Read, Rehearse, Review.