1. Chapter 9

2. 2nd Great Awakening
1st Great Awakening – 18th century (weakened traditional churches)
2nd Great Awakening – as early as the 1790s, a renewed and passionate interest in religion
Began to develop in towns in upstate New York
Many people participated in gatherings known as revivals (large religious gatherings)
Religious enthusiasm sparked changes in Protestant congregations
Personalized sermons appealed to many ordinary people – promised that salvation could be attained by everyone who repented sins

5. Movement for Social Reform
Many reformers saw alcohol abuse as a serious problem facing the nation in the early 1800s
Americans drank an average of 7 gallons per person/per year
Reformers organized the Temperance Movement – limit alcohol consumption
Believed that alcohol led to criminal behavior, family violence, and poverty
Some reformers demanded Prohibition

7. Reforming Education
Prior to 1840s, most schools were private, and most families couldn’t afford to send children to school
Public Schools
Reformers worried that existing schools wouldn’t meet demands of a growing nation
Schools essential to educate in democratic values, create a literate and disciplined workforce
Horace Mann (Mass. 1st Secretary of Education), 1837 united local school districts into a state system
Public high schools develop

8. Reforming Prisons
Rehabilitation of criminals also stirred reformers’ interest in the early 1800s
Up until that time, corporal punishment and fines were most common way of punishing criminals
Reformers believed that lawbreakers could be reformed then returned to community as productive citizens - Penitentiary

10. Abolition Most northern states had abolished slavery by early 1800s
Most anti-slavery northerners supported the American Colonization Society
Send free blacks to Africa to found new settlements
Many northern free African Americans strongly objected the society
William Lloyd Garrison – Liberator (abolitionist newspaper) – calls for immediate abolition of slavery

12. Frederick Douglas and Sojourner Truth
American Anti-Slavery Society
Frederick Douglas – a fugitive slave from Maryland, spoke publicly against slavery
Speeches about his life convinced many to join the anti-slavery cause
Sojourner Truth
Former slave who spoke out against slavery for American Anti-Slave Society

14. Women’s Rights
Call for women’s rights began to be heard in the US after the Revolution
Women’s concerns did not become an important issue until early 1800s when women became involved in religious an reform movements

15. Women Declare Their Rights
Issue of suffrage (vote) and property rights were of particular concern to female activists
Married women had few rights to own property – even property they inherited
Laws prevented women from gaining custody of children if they divorced husbands
Elizabeth Cady Stanton took the effort to lead efforts to address women’s issues

16. Stanton argued that the right vote was crucial to winning equality
Stanton and (Lucretia Mott) held the first American meeting on women’s rights in Seneca Falls, New York
Seneca Falls Convention
About one third of the 300 people in attendance signed the Declaration of Sentiments
Called for legal reforms that would grant married women the right to control property and earnings and to gain custody of their children in the event of a divorce
Insisted that women get the right to vote
Stanton argued that the right vote was crucial to winning equality

18. Susan B. Anthony
Grew up in a family that supported equality of men and women
In 1851, Anthony met Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Stanton convinced Anthony to shift focus from Temperance to women’s rights
Anthony’s work critically important to women’s rights
Gave speeches, organized petition campaigns, raised money
Anthony and Stanton campaigned for total property rights in NY – resulted in Married Women’s Property Act (married women could own property)