1. Human Systems Gulf Coast State CollegePanhandle Area Educational Consortium 5230 West Highway 98753 West Boulevard Panama City, Florida 32401Chipley, Florida 32428 850-769-1551877-873-7232 www.gulfcoast.edu Biology Partnership (A Teacher Quality Grant )

2. Florida Next Generation Sunshine State Standards SC.912.L.14.26 Identify the major parts of the brain on diagrams or models. (LOW)

3. Bell ringer Pinky and the Brain!

5. Brain stem includes mid brain, pons, and the medulla oblongata

6. Frontal Lobe Occipital Lobe Parietal Lobe Temporal Lobe Id parts of the brain

7. The CNS processes information. The brain has three parts. –cerebrum controls thought, movement, emotion –cerebellum allows for balance midbrain pons medulla oblongata –brain stem controls (autonomic) basic life functions Brain stem

8. Id parts of the Brain Handout (copies of label the brain) to label with web quest Sheep Brain

9. Follow up Additional activities –Sheep Brain DissectionSheep Brain Dissection –Perception and the Brain- optical illusionsPerception and the Brain- optical illusions

10. Florida Next Generation Sunshine State Standards SC.912.L.14.36 Describe the factors affecting blood flow through the cardiovascular system. (MODERATE)

11. Blood flows through the heart in a specific pathway. 1 2 4 3

12. The heart pumps blood through two main pathways. Pulmonary circulation occurs between the heart and the lungs. –oxygen-poor blood enters lungs –excess carbon dioxide and water expelled –blood picks up oxygen –oxygen-rich blood returns to heart

13. Systemic circulation occurs between the heart and the rest of the body. –oxygen-rich blood goes to organs, extremities –oxygen-poor blood returns to heart The two pathways help maintain a stable body temperature.

14. ARTERY VEIN CAPILLARIES arteriole endothelium connective tissue smooth muscle venule valve

15. Arteries, veins, and capillaries transport blood to all parts of the body. Arteries carry blood away from the heart. –blood under great pressure –thicker, more muscular walls Veins carry blood back to the heart –blood under less pressure –thinner walls, larger diameter –valves prevent backflow Capillaries move blood between veins, arteries, and cells. –One layer, one cell thick

16. The factors that most directly affect blood flow are blood pressure, blood volume, resistance and activity level.

18. Blood pressure is a measure of the force of blood pushing against artery walls. –systolic pressure: left ventricle contracts –diastolic pressure: left ventricle relaxes High blood pressure can precede a heart attack or stroke.

19. How the heart pumps What makes the blood move through the heart? * cardiac muscle * difference in thickness of wall * valves Blood flow animation Besides the composition of the blood vessels, the heart, and blood pressure, what else can affect the heart rate? External factors?

20. Viscosity refers to the thickness of blood. This thickness is caused by the number of red blood cells. Thick blood travels through blood vessels at a slower rate than thin blood.

21. Lifestyle plays a key role in circulatory diseases. Some choices lead to an increased risk of circulatory diseases. –smoking –long-term stress –excessive weight –lack of exercise –diet low in fruits and vegetables, high in saturated fats

22. Circulatory diseases affect mainly the heart and the arteries. –artery walls become thick and inflexible –plaque blocks blood flow in arteries

23. Atherosclerosis a condition in which an artery wall thickens as a result of the accumulation of fatty materials such as cholesterol. This is linked to high fat diets and lack of exercise.

24. Main factors affecting blood flow through the cardiovascular system Blood Pressure Blood volume Resistance Disease –Atherosclerosis Exercise and balance diet Smoking and alcohol

25. Lab - Effect of exercise on Heart Rate

26. Follow up Additional activities –Interactive Tutorial on Internal Heart AnatomyInteractive Tutorial on Internal Heart Anatomy –Heart Dissection on You TubeHeart Dissection on You Tube –How to Measure BP and What It All MeansHow to Measure BP and What It All Means

27. Florida Next Generation Sunshine State Standards SC.912.L.14.52 Explain the basic functions of the human immune system, including specific and nonspecific immune response, vaccines, and antibiotics. (MODERATE) HE.912.C.1.8 Analyze strategies for prevention, detection and treatment of communicable and chronic diseases.

28. BENCHMARK SC.912.L.14.52 Reporting Category Organisms, Populations, and Ecosystems Standard Standard 14 Organization and Development of Living Organisms Benchmark SC.912.L.14.52 Explain the basic functions of the human immune system, including specific and nonspecific immune response, vaccines, and antibiotics. SC.912.L.14.6 Explain the significance of genetic factors, environmental factors, and pathogenic agents to health from the perspectives of both individual and public health. HE.912.C.1.4 Analyze how heredity and family history can impact personal health. HE.912.C.1.8 Analyze strategies for prevention, detection, and treatment of communicable and chronic diseases.

29. Immune Bell ringer Osmosis Jones Vaccine Clip Immune System is a body system that fights infection & prevents illnesses Immunity: –the ability of the body to defend itself against infectious agents, foreign cells, and abnormal body cells (ex. cancer)

30. Line of Defense 1 st Line: barriers –Broad, external defense “Walls and Moats” skin & mucus membranes 2 nd Line: Nonspecific patrol –Broad, internal defense “Patrolling soldiers” phagocytes eating WBC’s 3 rd Line: Immune System –Specific, acquired immunity Elite trained units lymphocyte WBCs & antibodies –B & T cells

31. 1st line: Physical Barriers Lining of trachea: ciliated cells & mucus secreting cells Non-specific defense External barriers skin –physically blocks pathogens mucus membranes- traps particles in nose and throat excretions sweat tears mucus stomach acids saliva (“lick your wounds”)

32. Circulatory system – transports cells of the immune system through out the body

33. Inflammatory reaction –Four outward signs (redness, heat, swelling, & pain) –Histamine is released which cause capillaries to become enlarged and more permeable –(causes redness, swelling, pain) Low grade temperature stimulates white blood cells White Blood cells –Non-specific (macrophage) –Phagocytes: cells that engulf and destroy pathogens 2 nd Line of Defense Non-specific

34. 3 rd Line of Defense - Specific Defense Pathogens, cancer cells, or foreign cells have protein markers on surface (antigens) that activate the immune system because foreign to body Types of White Blood Cells -all made in the bone marrow -All called in after the non-specific WBCs -Lymphocytes- Bind pathogens to their antigens receptors and destroy cells –T lymphocyte cells (mature in thymus gland) directly destroy infected cells produce cytotoxic T cells, helper T cells, and memory T cells –B lymphocyte cells (mature in bone marrow) produce antibodies that combine with antigens and target particular pathogens Produce memory B cells

36. Antibody- protein that causes pathogens to clump or become ineffective Interferon- protein that stops viruses from reproducing

37. After an initial infection with a virus, B cells are able to recognize the virus and produce antibodies against it the second time. The person’s reaction to the virus will be lessened.

38. Immunity Active –Body creates an immune response after being exposed to a pathogen or a vaccine –Memory cells are produced so this immunity lasts (sometimes even a lifetime) Passive –Antibodies in breast milk or shots of antibodies provide a temporary immune response

39. Different pathogen cause common infectious diseases

40. Antibiotics kill pathogens inside the body antibiotics cause pathogens to burst target on specific bacterium or fungus not effective against viruses antibiotic resistance issues Antibiotics have killed the bottom cell by weakening its cell wall and causing it to burst. (colored TEM; magnification 55,000X

41. Antibiotic resistance can cause medicines to become ineffective. –Some bacteria in a population have genes that make them immune to antibiotics. –These bacteria spread the gene, making the antibiotics useless. A bacterium carries genes for antibiotic resistance on a plasmid. A copy of the plasmid is transferred through conjugation. Resistance is quickly spread through many bacteria.

42. Vaccines artificially produce acquired immunity. Vaccines also control pathogens and disease. –given to prevent illness –contain the antigen of a weakened pathogen

43. Vaccination provides acquired immunity. –stimulates a specific immune response –allows immune system to respond quickly to infection –causes memory cells to be produced –has such a fast response, a person will not get sick A memory B cell is stimulated when the real pathogen binds to it. 2 The B cell quickly activates and makes antibodies that fight the pathogens before you get sick. 3 Antigens in a vaccine trigger an immune response, and memory B cells are made. 1 memory B cells

44. Allergies A strong response to a harmless antigen in the environment Our body releases histamine which makes vessels leaky Histamine causes the mucus membranes of the nose and eyes to release fluid as a defense against pathogens –This produces cold-like symptoms With anaphylatic shock, the capillaries become so permeable that blood pressure drops

45. Immunity from Disease Activity We’ve got a problem! Then…… HIV lab Glow germs

46. Follow up Problem solving issues in class Additional activities: –Malaria interactive gameMalaria interactive game –Id agents of disease research activity –Antibodies Virtual Lab /Antibodies Virtual Lab /

47. Human reproductive system fetal development SC.912.L.16.13 Describe the basic anatomy and physiology of the human reproductive system. Describe the process of human development from fertilization to birth and major changes that occur in each trimester of pregnancy. (MODERATE)

48. BENCHMARK SC.912.L.16.13 Reporting Category Organisms, Populations, and Ecosystems Standard 16 Heredity and Reproduction Benchmark SC.912.L.16.13 Describe the basic anatomy and physiology of the human reproductive system. Describe the process of human development from fertilization to birth and major changes that occur in each trimester of pregnancy.

50. Male Reproductive System Scrotum contains: Testes –produce sperm and testosterone –Require a low temperature –Sperm live up to 72 hrs. in a female Epididymis - folds of tissue (700 ft long) –Lies on top of the testes –Sperm mature here

51. Vas deferens –Connects the external scrotum to the internal pathway. –Curves around the bladder, stores sperm, empties into the urethra –Sperm travel through this during ejaculation Urethra – glands including the prostate gland produce a fluid that combines with the sperm to produce semen, enters here –semen flows through the urethra along with sperm during ejaculation (out the penis)

52. Female Reproductive system (oviduct)

53. Female Reproductive System Ovaries - pair, internal –Mature and release one egg/month –Matures in the follicles within the ovaries –Born with all the eggs a female will ever have –2 million at birth; 200-400 thousand at puberty; 400 will mature and be released –Once the egg has been released by the follicles, the follicles will release hormones for child development if fertilization takes place

54. Oviducts or Fallopian tubes –Feathery like projections –After ovulation (releasing of the egg) occurs, the egg enters one of the oviducts –This is where fertilization occurs as the egg only lives 6-24 hrs. –The egg can’t move so it relies on cilia that lines the duct to cause a current along with muscle contraction (cramps at ovulation) –Fertilized egg  zygote  blastocyst  embryo  fetus Female Reproduction

55. Uterus –Embryo will embed itself in lining of uterus This causes a hormone to be released (+ pregnancy test result) –Embryo will develop into a fetus –Uterus: 5 cm wide but expands to 30 cm –Thick walled muscular organ above the bladder Cervix –This opening connects the vagina to the uterus –Opening is usually 1 cm wide, but during birth, expands to 10 cm Vagina –Birth canal, site of sexual intercourse, site of menstruation – acidic for immunity reasons

56. Fetal Development The fertilized egg implants into the uterus and is nourished by the placenta and umbilical cord. The zygote becomes a blastocyst and implants in the uterus. blastocyst uterine wall Implantation of blastocyst

57. placenta umbilical cord uterus amniotic sac The blastocyst becomes an embryo. Embryonic membranes protect and nourish the embryo. –amniotic sac cushions embryo. –amniotic fluid in the amniotic sac –placenta connects mother and embryo. –umbilical cord connects embryo to placenta.

58. Human gestation is divided into two phases: the embryonic phase, which lasts through the 8 th week, and the fetal stage, which lasts from 9 weeks until birth. Most major organs and structures are formed during the embryonic stage. The fetal stage is characterized by rapid growth.

59. Construct a three-page flip-chart Label the exposed tabs as –First trimester –Second trimester –Third trimester Indicate the important changes that occur in each stage as we cover it in class FETAL DEVELOPMENT Instruction on how to make a foldable Insert info as we go through the content

60. A zygote develops into a fully formed fetus in about 38 weeks. Human pregnancies are divided into trimesters. –1st trimester: body plan and early development –Most genetic issues occur here

62. –2nd trimester: fetus more active, developed

63. Second Trimester

64. –3rd trimester: all organs fully formed –Most rapid rate of overall growth After about 38 weeks, fetus is ready to be born.

65. Third Trimester

66. Birth occurs in three stages. Stage one of birth is the dilation of the cervix. Stage two is the emergence of the baby. Stage three is the expulsion of the placenta. STAGE 1 As regular, strong contractions occur, the cervix dilates and the baby turns. STAGE 2 The baby is pushed through the cervix and out of the vaginal canal. STAGE 3 Contractions continue, expelling the placenta and helping to control bleeding.

67. Human growth and aging also occur in stages. Genetics, hormones, lifestyle, environment affect all stages. –during infancy, growth is rapid –during childhood, motor and language skills develop –during adolescence, growth is rapid and the brain rewired; puberty, sexually maturity begins –adulthood marks the peak of skills and independence

68. Aging is also affected by genetics, hormones, lifestyle, environment. Jerry Peel at age 1 1/2Jerry Peel at age 17Jerry Peel at age 71 Effects of aging can be reduced with good diet, exercise, and continued learning.

69. Fetal development Interactive Developmental Time Line Activity - Human fetal growth

70. Follow-up Additional activities: Fetal Development sonograms by weeks

71. EOC Study Guide {SC.912.L.14.52} Explain the basic functions of the human immune system, including specific and nonspecific immune response, vaccines, and antibiotics. –1. Give an example of specific and non specific responses. –2. How do vaccines prevent disease? –3. How do antibiotics prevent disease? {SC.912.L.14.26} Identify the major parts of the brain on diagrams or models. –Draw a brain and label the major parts: Cerebellum, Cerebrum, frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, Pons, stem {SC.912.L.14.36} Describe the factors affecting blood flow through the cardiovascular system. –1. Describe plaque and the relation to cholesterol and heart attacks –2. Describe high blood pressure/ low blood pressure –3. Describe normal events (i.e. exercise, relaxation) that effect blood flow –4. Compare and Contrast arteries, veins and capillaries {SC.912.L.16.13} Describe the basic anatomy and physiology of the human reproductive system. –1. Describe the process of human development from fertilization to birth and major changes that occur in each trimester of pregnancy (i.e. fertilization, embryo formation, tube formation, organ system formation, heart beat, movement. –Define embryo