1. CHAPTER 12 Using Language

2. Introduction  Language does not merely describe reality, it helps to create it.  Perception  Social construction of knowledge

3. Example

4. Meanings of Words  Denotation/Connotation

5. Activity

6. Using Language Accurately  Accuracy and credibility  Subtle differences in like terms  Persecution vs. prosecution  Education/Knowledge/Expertise  Writer/Journalist/Novelist

7. Using Language Clearly  Use familiar words  Choose concrete words  Eliminate clutter  Papers vs. Speeches

8. Bulwer-Lytton Fiction Contest  The Pilgrims and Native Americans gathered around the feast, a veritable cornucopia of harvest and game, a gastronomic monument to the bountiful biodiversity of the land, and while Mrs. Standish’s cranberry sauce was a far cry from the homogeneous gelatinous can-imprinted sacrosanct blob which has become the holiday’s sine qua non, the rest of the food was good

9. Using Language Vividly  Vivid, animated language  Imagery  Concrete words  Simile  Metaphor

10. Appropriateness…

11. … to the occasion  “You guys” / “You all”  Certain language for certain contexts

12. … to the audience  Use language that suits the audience  Jargon  Profanity  Technical language

13. … to the topic  Do what’s best for the topic and comprehension  Differences in types of speeches

14. … to the speaker  Develop and become familiar with your own style  Blend this style with the needs of the other components

15. Inclusive Language  Avoid the generic “He”  Avoid stereotyping jobs and social roles by gender  Use names that groups use to identify themselves