1. OSH in figures:
Stress at work – Facts and figures

2. Stress – facts and figures Introduction
Stress is the second most frequently-reported work-related health problem, affecting 22% of workers from the EU 27 (in 2005)
Studies suggest that stress is a factor in between 50% and 60% of all lost working days. This represents a huge cost in terms of both human distress and impaired economic performance
The number of people suffering from stress-related conditions caused or made worse by work is likely to increase due to the changing world of work which is making increased demands on workers

3. Stress – facts and figures Introduction
“Work-related stress is experienced when the demands of the work environment exceed the workers’ ability to cope with (or control) them”
If the stress response continues over a longer period, or if it is particularly intense, this may have serious consequences on health

4. Stress – facts and figures Introduction
Symptoms of work-related stress
Organisational:
accidents, errors, increased costs from compensation or health care, reduced productivity, absenteeism, high staff turnover, harassment, poor time-keeping and disciplinary problems.
Physiological: back problems, weakened immunity, peptic ulcers, heart problems, hypertension.
Cognitive: difficulty in concentrating, remembering, learning new things, making decisions
Emotional: irritability, anxiety, sleep problems, depression, hypochondria, alienation, burnout, relationship problems
Behavioural: abuse of drugs, alcohol, and tobacco

5. Stress – facts and figures Prevalence
Work affects health (% yes)*
In 2005, the level of reported stress was lower in EU15 than in EU10 or in two Acceding Countries (Bulgaria and Romania)
*European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions. Fourth European Working Conditions Survey, 2005.

6. Stress – facts and figures Prevalence
The level of reported stress in EU countries*
The highest levels of stress were reported in Greece (55%), and in Slovenia (38%), Sweden (38%), and Latvia (37%), whereas the lowest levels were registered in United Kingdom (12%), Germany, Ireland, and the Netherlands (16%) as well as in the Czech Republic (17%), France and Bulgaria (18%).
*European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions. Fourth European Working Conditions Survey, 2005.

7. Stress – facts and figures Prevalence
The level of reported physical violence and harassment (bullying) at work in EU-27 (% yes)*
*European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions. Fourth European Working Conditions Survey, 2005.

8. Stress – facts and figures Prevalence
Change in tempo of work during last 12 months (2002) *
Tempo at one’s workplace has:
Finland %
Lithuania
Latvia
Estonia
considerably increased 18 11 13
somewhat increased 30 34 31
remained the same 48 43 47
somewhat decreased 3 8 6 5
considerably decreased 1
do not know 2 4
Number of respondents
N=1297
N=909
N=904
N=900
*The Working Life Barometer in the Baltic Countries , 2002.

9. Stress – facts and figures Prevalence
Health problems among workers reporting job insecurity (Spain, 2007)*
Health problems such as e.g. tiredness or headaches are significantly more frequent among people who feel job insecurity
Stress prevalence
*VI Encuesta Nacional de Condiciones de Trabajo, 2007

10. Stress – facts and figures Prevalence
The Netherlands: the most prevalent cause of becoming work disabled is psychological or mental disorder*
*The Netherlands Center for Occupational Diseases

11. Stress – facts and figures Stress by age
European workers (%) reporting stress, overall fatigue, sleeping problems, anxiety, and irritability by age (2005)*
The highest stress level is observed among middle aged workers, and the lowest among older and younger workers.
*European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions. Fourth European Working Conditions Survey, 2005.

12. Stress – facts and figures Stress by age
Percentage of workers who consult a doctor because of stress at work by age (Spain, 2003)*
Among the workers who consulted a doctor because of stress, the majority belonged to the and age groups.
*V Encuesta Nacional de Condiciones de Trabajo, 2003

13. Stress – facts and figures Stress by gender
European workers (%) reporting stress, overall fatigue, sleeping problems, anxiety, and irritability by gender (2005)*
Men reported work-related stress more frequently than women (23% and 20% respectively), however this difference is not very big
*European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions. Fourth European Working Conditions Survey, 2005.

14. Stress – facts and figures Stress by gender
Perceived increase of mental stress at work (considerable or somewhat) by gender (2002)*
Women reported higher increase of mental stress at work (during last 12 months)
*The Working Life Barometer in the Baltic Countries , 2002.

15. Stress – facts and figures Stress by gender
Workers reporting work stress by gender (Belgium, 2004)*
Women have problems with stress at work slightly more often than men. The percentages of men and women for whom stress at work is an acute problem do not differ significantly
*Flemish Workability Monitor, 2004

16. Stress – facts and figures Stress by gender
Physical violence, bullying/harassment and unwanted sexual attention by gender (2005), EU-25?*
Prevalence of reported physical violence is similar among women and men. Women, especially young women, are more at risk of harassment/bullying and unwanted sexual attention than men.
*European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions. Fourth European Working Conditions Survey, 2005.

17. Stress – facts and figures Stress by sector
Prevalence of stress, anxiety and irritability by sector (2005), EU-27?*
In 2005 stress was the most prevalent in the education and health sectors, as well as in agriculture, hunting, foresty & fishing (28.5%).
*European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions. Fourth European Working Conditions Survey, 2005.

18. Stress – facts and figures Stress by sector
Ranking of stress indicators in educational sector according to teacher unions (2007)*
Ranking of stress indicators
Average
score
1. Burnout / depression / emotional exhaustion
3.62
2. High absenteeism / sickness
2.60
3. Sleeping problems / insomnia
2.51
4. Cardiovascular diseases / symptoms
2.50
5. Frequent interpersonal conflicts
2.42
6. Migraines
2.39
7. Hypertension / high blood pressure
2.34
8. Gastrointestinal disorders
2.08
9. High staff turnover
1.67
10. Addictions (drinking, smoking, drugs)
1.48
*European Trade Union Committee for Education (ETUCE), 2007.

19. Stress – facts and figures Stress by sector
Physical violence by sector, EU-27?*
Education and health and public administration and defence are the sectors most affected by physical violence
*European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions. Fourth European Working Conditions Survey, 2005.

20. Stress – facts and figures Stress by sector
Bullying/harassment and unwanted sexual attention by sector*
Hotels and restaurants, education and health and transport and communication sectors most affected by bullying /harassment
*European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions. Fourth European Working Conditions Survey, 2005.

21. Stress – facts and figures Stress by occupation
Prevalence of work-related stress in different occupations (Poland, )*
Teachers, middle medical staff, government and local government administration clerks, and bank workers reported highest level of stress
*Central Institute for Labour Protection – National Research Institute, 2000

22. Stress – facts and figures Stress by occupation
Percent of workers reporting work-related stress by occupation (Belgium, 2004)*
Senior managers / directors and middle managers /professionals reported highest level of stress
*Flemish Workability Monitor, 2004

23. Stress – facts and figures Stress by sector
Occupational diseases by sector (the Netherlands, 2005)*
Psychological diseases are the most prevalent in education, financial institution and health care
*The Netherlands Center for Occupational Diseases, 2005

24. Stress – facts and figures Stress by employment status
European workers reporting stress and stress-related health problems by employment status (self-employed and employee) (2005), EU-27?*
Well-being scores for self-employed workers are lower than for employed workers
*European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions. Fourth European Working Conditions Survey, 2005.

25. Stress – facts and figures Stress by employment status
Lack of control at work reported by workers on permanent and temporary contracts (Spain, 2007)*
Workers on temporary contracts have lower control over their work compared to workers on permanent contracts
*VI Encuesta Nacional de Condiciones de Trabajo, 2007

26. Stress – facts and figures Costs of stress
In 2002, the European Commission reported that the yearly cost of work-related stress in the EU15 was EUR million each year
France: the cost to society of occupational stress is somewhere between EUR 830 and EUR million, the equivalent of between 10% and 20% of all expenditure by the Occupational Accident and Disease branch of the social security system
The Netherlands: most of the costs to society of poor working conditions come from work-related absence and disability, which are mainly caused by musculoskeletal disorders (43% of the all diagnoses) and psychological diseases (40%).
UK: In 2005/6 work related stress, depression and anxiety cost Great Britain in excess of £530 million. 

27. Stress – facts and figures Emerging risks
The main emerging psychosocial risks identified in the forecasts*:
New forms of employment contracts and job insecurity (the use of more precarious contracts together with the trend towards lean production and outsourcing)
The OSH risks for the ageing workforce
Work intensification - high workload and work pressure
High emotional demands at work, violence and harassment
Poor work-life balance
Combined exposure to psychosocial and physical risks
All of these risks affect workers’ health and safety. They may increase work-related stress and lead to serious deterioration of mental and physical health.
*EU-OSHA – European Agency for Safety and Health at Work,

28. Stress – facts and figures More information available at:
Agency’s information on stress:
Publication:
European Risk Observatory:
European Agency for Safety and Health at Work:
Thank you for your attention!
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