1. CoE3DJ4 Digital Systems Design Hardware summary

2. Microprocessors vs. Microcontrollers Microprocessors are single-chip CPU used in microcomputers Microcontrollers and microprocessors are different in three main aspects: hardware architecture, applications and instruction set features Hardware architecture: A microprocessor is a single chip CPU while microcontroller in a single IC contains a CPU and much of remaining circuitry of a complete computer (e.g., RAM, ROM, serial interface, parallel interface, timer, interrupt handling circuit) Applications: Microprocessors are commonly used as CPU in computers while microcontrollers are found in small, minimum component designs performing control oriented activates

3. Microprocessors vs. Microcontrollers Instruction set: –Microprocessor instruction sets are processing intensive. Their instructions operate on nibbles, bytes, words, or even double words. Addressing modes provide access to large arrays of data using pointers and offsets –Microcontroller instruction sets cater to control of input and outputs. They have instructions to set and clear individual bits and perform bit operations Have instructions for input/output operations, event timing, enabling and setting priority levels for interrupts caused by external stimuli Processing power of a microcontroller is much less than a microprocessor

4. MCS-51 8051 belongs to MCS-51 family of microcontrollers MCS-51 was developed by Intel but other manufacturers (e.g., Siemens, Philips) are second source of this family. Summary of features of 8051: –4K bytes ROM –128 bytes RAM –Four 8-bit I/O ports –Two 16 bit timers –Serial interface –64K external code memory space –64K external data memory space –210 bit-addressable locations

5. 8051 8051 has 40 pins 32 pins function as I/O port lines, 24 of them are dual purpose (each can operate as I/O or as a control line or part of address or data bus) Eight lines in each port can be treated as a unit in interfacing to parallel devices (e.g, ADC) or each line can operate independently in interfacing to single bit devices (e.g., switches) Port 0: a dual purpose port on pins 32-39 Port 1: a dedicated I/O port on pins 1-8 Ports 2: dual purpose ports on pins 21-28 (could be a general purpose I/O or high byte of the address bus for external memory) Ports 3: dual purpose ports on pins 10-17

6. 8051 /PSEN (Program Store Enable): is a control signal that enables external code memory It is usually connected to the output enable (OE) pin of the external code memory (e.g., EPROM) When executing a program from internal ROM, PSEN remains in the inactive (high) state ALE (Address Latch Enable): 8051 uses ALE for demultiplexing the address and data bus ALE pulses at 1/6 th the on chip oscillator When Port 0 is used in its alternate mode, ALE latches the address into an external register during first half of memory cycle After this, Port 0 lines are available for data input or output during the second half of memory cycle

7. 8051 /EA (external access, pin 31): if high, 8051 executes programs from internal ROM. If low programs executes from external memory only RST (reset, pin 9): master reset for 8051. When high for two clock cycles, 8051 internal registers are loaded with appropriate values for a start-up On-chip oscillator inputs: 8051 oscillator is typically driven by a crystal connected to pins 18 and 19

8. Memory 8051 implements a separate memory space for programs (code) and data Both code and data may be internal however both expand using external components to a maximum of 64K code memory and 64K data memory Internal memory consists of on-chip ROM and on-chip data RAM. On-chip RAM contains a rich arrangement of general purpose storage, bit addressable storage, register banks, and special function register In 8051 the register and input output ports are memory mapped and accessible like any other memory location In 8051 stack resides within the internal RAM, rather than in external RAM

9. Memory Besides addresses 30H to 7FH, the bottom 32 bytes from 00H to 2FH can be used as general purpose RAM. Example: to read the content of internal RAM address 5FH into accumulator: MOV A,5FH Another way of doing the same thing: MOV R0, #5FH MOV A, @R0

10. Bit addressable RAM Individual accessing of bits is a powerful feature of microcontrollers Bits can be set, cleared, ANDed, ORed etc, with a single instruction 8051 ports are bit-addressable simplifying interface to single bit inputs and outputs. 8051 contains 210 bit-addressable locations 128 of these locations are at addresses 20H to 2FH and the rest are in the special function registers

11. Bit addressable RAM These address can be accessed as byte or as bit depending on the instruction Example: SETB 67H –Sets bit with address 67H which is the MSB of byte address 2CH What instruction can be used to set bit 3 in byte address 25H? –SETB 2BH

12. Register Banks Bottom 32 locations of internal memory contains the register banks 8051 supports 8 registers R0 to R7 and after a system reset (default) the registers are at address 00H to 07H MOV A, R5: reads the content of address 05H into accumulator MOV A,05H with do the same thing Active register bank may be altered by changing the register bank select bits

13. Register Banks Assuming register bank 3 is active, the following instruction write contents of accumulator into location 18H: –MOV R0,A Idea of register bank permits fast and effective context switching Example: what is the address of register 5 in register bank 3? –1CH

14. Special function registers 8051 has 21 special function registers (SFRs) at the top of internal RAM from address 80H to FFH. Most of addresses from 80H to FFH are not defined except 21 of them. Some SFRs are both bit-addressable and byte addressable and it depends on the instruction Example: What instruction can set MSB of accumulator B? –SETB F7H

15. Program status word Program status word (PSW) at address DOH contains status bits as summarized in the following table Carry flag: is dual purpose. It is used in traditional way for arithmetic operations Example: What is the state of carry flag and the content of accumulator after the following instructions: MOV R5,#55H MOV A,#AAH ADD A,R5 –C=0, ACC=FFH

16. Program status word Carry flag is also the “Boolean accumulator”: 1 bit register for Boolean instructions Example: ANLC,25H ANDs bit 25H with the carry flag and places the result back in carry flag Auxiliary carry flag (AC): is set if a carry was generated out of bit 3 into bit 4 or if the result in the lower nibble is in the range 0AH to 0FH AC is useful in arithmetic operations on binary coded decimal (BCD) values.

17. Program status word Example: what is AC and the content of accumulator after the following sequence of instructions: MOV R5,#1 MOV A,#9 ADD A,R5 Answer: AC=1, ACC=0AH Flag 0 (F0): a general purpose flag bit available for user Register Bank Select Bits (RS0 and RS1): determine the active register bank Example: the following instructions enable register bank 3 and move the content of R7 (address 1FH) to accumulator SETB RS1 SETB RS0 MOV A,R7

18. Program status word Overflow flag (OV): is set after an addition or subtraction if there was an arithmetic overflow When signed numbers are added or subtracted this bit determines if the result is in the proper range Results greater than 127 or less than –128 will set OV bit When unsigned numbers are added OV can be ignored Example: What is the OV and the content of accumulator after the following instruction sequence: MOV R7, #FFH MOV A, #0FH ADD A,R7 –Answer: OV=0, ACC=0EH

19. Program status word Parity bit (p): is automatically set or cleared in each machine cycle to establish even parity in the accumulator Number of 1-bits in the accumulator plus P is always even P is used in serial port routines What is the state of P after execution of the following instruction? MOV A,#55H –Answer: P=0

20. B register B register or accumulator B at address F0H is used along with the accumulator for multiply and divide operations MUL AB: multiplies 8 bit unsigned values in A and B and leaves the 16 bit result in A (low byte) and B (high byte) DIV AB: divided A by B, leaving the integer result in A and remainder in B B register is bit-addressable

21. Stack pointer Stack pointer (SP) is an 8-bit register at address 81H It contains the address of the data item currently on top of the stack. Stack operations include pushing data on the stack and popping data off the stack Pushing increments SP before writing the data Popping from the stack reads the data and decrements the SP 8051 stack is kept in the internal RAM Depending on the initial value of the SP, stack can have different sizes Example: MOV SP,#5FH On 8051 this would limit the stack to 32 bytes since the uppermost address of on chip RAM is 7FH.

22. Stack pointer & Data pointer The default value of SP (after system reset) is 07H. This result in the first stack write operation to store data in location 08H which means that register bank 1 (and possible 2 and 3) are not available User may initialize the SP to avoid this Data pointer (DPTR): is used to access external data or code DPTR is a 16 bit register at addresses 82H (low byte) and 83H (high byte) Example: the following instructions write 55H into external RAM location 1000H: MOV A,#55H MOV DPTR,#1000H MOVX @DPTR,A

23. Port registers 8051 I/O ports consists of Port 0 at address 80H, port 1 at address 90H, Port 2 at address A0H and port 3 at address B0H. Ports 0,2 and 3 may not be available for I/O if external memory is used or if some of the 8051 special features are used Ports P1.2 to P1.7 are always available All ports are bit addressable, providing powerful interfacing possibilities Example: a motor which is connected to port 1 bit 7 through a transistor driver can be turned on and off using the following 8051 instructions: SETB P1.7 CLR P1.7

24. Timer registers 8051 contains two 16 bit timer/counter for timing intervals and counting events Timer 0 is at addresses 8AH (TL0, low byte) and 8CH (TH0 high byte) Timer 1 is at addresses 8BH (TL1, low byte) and 8DH (TH1 high byte) Timer operation is set by the timer mode register (TMOD) at address 89H and timer control register (TCON) at address 88H

25. Serial port registers Serial port register: 8051 contains an on-chip serial port for communicating with serial devices One register, the serial data buffer (SBUF) at address 90H, hold both transmitted data and received data Writing to SBUF loads data for transmission Reading SBUF accesses received data Various modes of operation can be programmed through bit addressable serial port control register (SCON) at address 98H

26. Interrupt registers 8051 has a 5-source, 2 priority level interrupt structure Interrupts are disabled after a system reset and then enabled by writing to the interrupt enable register (IE) at address A8H Priority level is set through interrupt priority register (IP) at address B8H.

27. Power control register Power control register (PCON) at address 87H contains miscellaneous control bits SMOD bit doubles the serial port baud rate when in Modes 1, 2, 3 PCON bits 6,5, and 4 are undefined Bits 3 and 2 are general purpose flag bits available for user Idle mode: An instruction that sets the IDL bit will be the last instruction executed before entering idle mode In idle mode the internal clock is gated off to the CPU but not to the interrupt, timer and serial port functions. CPU status is preserved and all register contents are maintained Idle mode is terminated by any interrupt or by a system reset

28. Power control register Power down mode (PD): An instruction that sets the PD bit will be the last instruction executed before entering power down mode In power down mode 1) the on-chip oscillator is stopped 2) all functions are stopped 3) all on chip RAM contents are retained 4) port pins retain their logic levels 5) ALE is held low

29. External memory Microcontrollers should have expansion capabilities MCS-51 provides this in the form of 64K external code memory space and a 64K external data memory space When external memory is used Port 0 becomes a multiplexed address (A0-A7) and data (D0-D7) bus with ALE latching the low-byte of the address at the beginning of each external memory cycle Port 2 is employed for the high-byte of the address bus

30. External memory External code memory is read only memory and is enabled by the PSEN signal An 8051 machine cycle is 12 oscillator periods During a typical machine cycle, ALE pulses twice and 2 bytes are read from program memory

31. External memory External data memory is read/write memory enabled by RD and WR (P3.7 and P3.6) RD is connected to OE of the external RAM and WE is connected to RAM’s W line. The only access to external data memory is with MOVX instruction, using either 16 bit data pointer (DPTR), R0 or R1 as the address register