1. Development of Energy Surety Microgrids Dave Menicucci Energy Surety Program Office Sandia National Laboratories

2. Outline of Talk 1)Background 2)Define energy surety 3)Discuss energy reliability 4)Developing energy surety microgrids 5)Discuss issues including interconnection 6)Summary

3. Energy System with High Levels of Energy Surety Safe Secure Reliable Sustainable Efficient Safely supplies energy to end user Uses diversified energy sources Maintains power when and where needed It can be maintained indefinitely Produces energy at the lowest cost Energy System is: If it:

4. Power reliability and security Military bases—they recognize the threat and are willing to pay for correction Communities—secondary concern; they are slower to see the threat and less willing to invest Technical issues inside the microgrid—they are critical, significant, and need resolution Technical issues outside the microgrid—i.e., interconnection; being addressed through IEEE Our Present Energy Surety Focus

5. Traditional Grid Expectations Derived from IEEE Telcom Energy Conf, 1998 1 hr 1/yr 6 min 36 sec 10/yr 1 every 10 yrs 10 hr100 hr 1 every 100 yr Duration Occurrences Historic Norm

6. Impact of Terrorism on Grid Expectations Derived from IEEE Telcom Energy Conf, 1998 1 hr 1/yr 6 min 36 sec 10/yr 1 every 10 yrs 10 hr100 hr 1 every 100 yr Duration Occurrences Historic Norm Terror norm

7. Examples of Outage Costs 2,500kW, mid size industrial complex 3hr down time $105,000-$975,000 400kW, mid size office bldg 3hr down time $12,600-$244,800 *Courtesy: Digital Power Group

8. Grid Failures are Inevitable* Engineering Axiom: Complexity begets failure Grid complexity begets grid failure Attempts to harden the grid increase complexity More complexity begets more failure *Fairley, Peter, “The unruly power grid: Advanced mathematical modeling suggests that big blackouts are inevitable,” IEEE Spectrum, August, 2004

9. Saboteurs may be at Work on our Grid Attempt to topple 345kV line poles in Nevada Six poles unbolted at base; cascading damage to 40 poles Discovery on Dec 27, 2004; reported by DHS One of two redundant lines affected; coordinated attack on its twin could have been significant

10. How to Improve Energy Surety Disperse the generation; reduce single points of failure Run generators full time Use proven technologies Secure the fuel supply Include on-site fuel/energy storage

11. Distributed Generation Technologies IC Engines ( 1 – 10,000 kW ) Combustion Turbines (300 – 10,000 kW ) Combined heat and power (300 – 10,000 kW) Energy storage (1 – 10,000 kW) Wind (0.2 – 5,000 kW ) Photovoltaics (.01 – 1000 kW ) Fuel cells (5 – 250 kW ) Microturbines (30 – 250 kW ) Diesel (1 – 100 kW )

12. Traditional Energy Surety Approach Backup diesel Primary power

13. Energy Surety Microgrid Backup power Primary power Energy Surety Microgrid

14. Surety Levels Outside Energy Surety Zone: Buildings without backup: 99.95% (5.3 hrs out/year) Buildings with backup: 99.99% (53 minutes out/year) Surety Levels Inside Energy Surety Zone: Determined by: Theoretical Energy Surety Assessment Generator type Fuel type and its vulnerabilities Amount of storage

15. Tasks to Realize Surety Microgrids 1.Develop surety requirements: --facilities to protect --level of protection --type of on-site generators 2.Optimize the amount of fuel/energy store 3.Properly control the surety microgrid (agent based) 4.Model microgrid’s effectiveness (consequence model) 5.Insure proper interconnection to grid

16. Developing Surety Requirements 1)Review existing vulnerability analysis 2)Identify surety zones and reliability needs 3)Rank order zones 4)Determine load profile in each zone 5)Examine/select generators for zones 6)Select appropriate financing options

17. Storage Improves the Surety Value of Distributed Generators on Microgrid Improves capacity factor of renewable generators Improves probability of continuous operation Provides stability during islanding sequence

18. On-site Fossil Generation Characteristics High capacity factor Generators proven and understood Fuel storage relatively inexpensive Fuel supplies can be interrupted Fuel stores are dangerous and favored targets

19. On-site Renewable Generation Characteristics No conventional fuel required Fuel supply invulnerable to human interruption Intermittent operation Low capacity factors Associated energy storage is relatively expensive

20. Considerations for Storage in a Microgrid  Batteries are sensitive  Fuel storage has liabilities Must be charged continuously Can be dangerous (produce H 2 ) Cannot be too hot or cold Use toxic chemicals Have a relatively short life (decade?) Must be supplied by transport or pipeline Explosion hazard (good target) Environmental impact Toxic materials

21. Electrical Storage Role in Islanding Backup power Energy Surety Microgrid Islanding Sequence Within Microgrid 1)Detect grid loss 2)Assess loads and shed if needed 3)Prioritize loads 4)Bring on idle/spare generation capacity 5)Share power to loads 6)Begin islanded operation 7)Complete within 50 milliseconds 8)Storage provides stabilization

22. Optimizing Storage on a Surety Microgrid 1.Characterize distributed generators 2.Develop basic probability model; function of: 3.Characterize storage technologies 4.Develop optimization strategy for specified reliability level and cost 5.Test using Monte Carlo simulation or equivalent --fuel availability and vulnerability --generator reliability and vulnerability --costs

23. Microgrid Agent Based Control Energy Surety Microgrid Computerized Control agent Environmental and Resource Monitor

24. Consequence Modeling Naval Magazine Indian Island Examined effects of infrastructure disruptions on load-outs

25. Islanding Issues Use CBEMA or equivalent to initiate disconnection Open static switch on customer side Provide visible disconnect on utility side Sync to frequency and voltage Close static switch on customer side Close visible disconnect on utility side, if needed Disconnection: Connection: IEEE 1547.4 Standard Covers Islanding

26. Electrician Warnings

27. Technical Lead Energy Surety Office Energy Infrastructure Surety for Military & Civilian Applications Energy Systems Analysis Security Analysis Distributed Energy Technologies Lab National Infrastructure Simulation and Analysis Center Sandia Business Develop. Advanced Info Systems Force Protection Systems Project is funded! Sandia’s Microgrid Development Team

28. When done, we can… Review current energy infrastructure weaknesses Design correction strategies (e.g., surety microgrids) Model the effectiveness of the corrections without installing hardware Manage the hardware installation Measure the surety microgrid’s effectiveness Apply the methodology nationally

29. Why Energy Surety is an Issue to the Military Energy is critical to the mission Energy loss affects mission readiness Some energy infrastructure is vulnerable

30. Project Schedule Oct. 1, 2005 -- Project start Sept. 30, 2006 -- Microgrid concept complete Jan. 31, 2007 -- Begin pilot test on a DOD base Jun. 1, 2007 -- Widespread DOD implementation Mar. 1, 2007 -- Adapt to civilian applications

31. Why Energy Surety is an Issue to Civilian Communities Energy is critical to economic development Energy loss affects business profits Health and safety are dependent on reliable power Reduce chaos from power disruptions, saves lives

32. Summary Energy reliability and security concerns are real Military mission readiness depends on reliable energy Civilian applications are developing A number of technical issues need to be addressed to realize surety microgrids