1. Ф КГМУ 4/3-04/ ИП №6 от 14 июня 2007 г.   Karaganda state medical university Department: History of Kazakhstan and social-political disciplines
LECTURE
Topic: “Historical types of philosophizing in the context of culture”
Discipline: Philosophy
Specialty: 5B “General Medicine”
Course: 2
Duration: 4 hours
Lecturer: Temirbekova M.Y.
Karaganda 2014
Karaganda 2014 y.

2. Discussed and confirmed at the meeting of the Department Protocol № 1 of «2» September 2014 y. Head of the Department: Temirgaliev K.A.  

3. Structure of lecture:
Topic: Historical types of philosophizing in the context of culture.
Purpose: Introduce with different approaches to historical types of philosophizing classification in literature, show a connection of philosophy with culture.
Brief contents:
Attitude thinkers to basic forms.
Historical epoch has historical type of philosophizing.
Visual material: presentation.

4. Some researchers have identified the following types:
Every historical epoch has historical type of philosophizing and its specific type of philosopher.
There are different approaches to their classification in literature today.
Some researchers have identified the following types:

5. 1) contemplative the supreme values: serenity, ataraxy (peace of mind)
quiet contemplation of ageless truth
it was typical for antiquity

6. 2) notional (inclined to contemplative)
focused on irrational and superrational sources of knowledge:
intuition,
revelation,
supersensual contemplation.
characteristic for late antiquity, Middle Ages, Russian religious Renaissance (the end of XIX – the beginning of the XX century);

7. 3) active type of philosophizing
social-converting which formation related to Marxism philosophy

8. 4) contemporary, social-ecological
Vernadsky's doctrine about a noosphere,
Fyodorov's ideas about conscious regulation by human of the nature,
the theoretical conclusions of "The club of Rome").
This type is characterized by the ideas of a preservation of peace and human civilizations.

9. The Club of Rome is a global think tank that deals with a variety of international political issues. Founded in 1968 in Italy, the Club of Rome describes itself as "a group of world citizens, sharing a common concern for the future of humanity."
It consists of current and former heads of state, UN bureaucrats, high-level politicians and government officials, diplomats, scientists, economists and business leaders from around the globe.
Think tank (or policy institute, research institute, etc.) is an organization that performs research and advocacy concerning topics such as social policy, political strategy, economics, military, technology, and culture.

10. Other philosophers allocate as the main types of philosophizing dominating during these or those eras:
Cosmocentrism (naturalism),
Theocentrism,
Anthropocentrism,
Sociocentrism.

11. The aspiration to understand essence of the nature, space, the world as a whole (Cosmocentrism) was particularity of Greek philosophy, especially in an initial stage of its development.
Not incidentally the first Greek philosophers called "physicists" (from Greek "phusis" - the nature), that means naturalist.
The person was treated as a part of the world, the nature, space, some kind of microcosmos.
Interesting ideas about being, principium, movement, cognition were expressed during this period, which defined the major directions of philosophizing for rather long subsequent periods.

12. The most significant thinkers are:
Thales ("Nothing is more active than thought, for it travels over the universe, and nothing is stronger than necessity for all must submit to it"),
Anaximenes (Unless man is committed to the belief that all mankind are his brothers, then he labors in vain and hypocritically in the vineyards of equality"'),
Pythagoras ("Silence is better than unmeaning words"),

13. Heraclitus ("You cannot step into the same river twice"),
Democritus ("Everything existing in the universe is the fruit of chance and necessity"),
Socrates ("Learn itself", "I know that I know nothing", "Wisdom begins in wonder"),
Plato ("Wise men speak because they have something to say"),
Aristotle ("The roots of education are bitter, but the fruit is sweet"), etc.

14. In the Middle Ages, Theocentrism becomes the main form of philosophizing.
It has been alleged idea that nature and Human are creations of God.
The main issue of philosophy becomes:
"God – Human – Nature",
"Faith and knowledge",
"Foreordination of Man",
"Confidence and expectations".

15. The knowledge, system of thinking, as well as logic evolved in the Middle Ages as a Scholasticism (from latin "shola" – school).
Scholasticism – the official school philosophy which main feature was a game torn off from real life by words and concepts, and the overarching aim – evidence of existence of God and justification of dogmas of the Holy Writ.

16. There was a dispute among scholastics (since the XI century) between realists and nominalists about nature of the general concepts.
The essence of dispute was how cognitive process goes: from things to concepts, or, on the contrary, from concepts to things.
The most famous thinkers of this period are:
Augustine of Hippo,
Avicenna,
Peter Abelard,
Thomas Aquinas,
Duns Scotus,
William of Ockham, etc.

17. Philosophy of Marxism is characterized by Sociocentrism.
The major feature, which distinguishing it from previous philosophical currents, is that Sociocentrism approves the principle of activity, socio-historical practice.
In practice Man creates itself and history, the practice – a source and the purpose of knowledge, criterion of truth.
In Marxist philosophy analysis of material and economic activity of mankind is a key to understanding of Man and history.
Method of philosophizing is result of versatility of the relations of the person to the world.

18. References:
David K. Naugle. Philosophy: A Student's Guide. NY, 2012.
AQA Philosophy AS: Student's Book. Houston, Texas, 2008.
Doing Philosophy: A Practical Guide for Students, London, 2008.
Human Natures, in: S. Schleidgen et al (eds.), Human Nature and Self-Design, Paderborn: Mentis 2011, PDF
Afterword: 'Human Nature'. A Conceptual Matrix, in: N. Roughley (ed.), Being Humans. Anthropological Universality and Particularity in Transdisciplinary Perspectives, Berlin/New York: de Gruyter 2000,
Философия медицины. Учебник для медицинских вузов под редакцией Шевченко Ю.Л. М.:ГЭОТАР – МЕД, 2004.
Антология мировой философии. В4-хт.М.:Мысль,
Барулин В.С.Социальная философия. М., 2000.
Бердяев Н. О рабстве и свободе человека. М., 1995.
Control questions (feedback):
What do you mean by philosophizing?
What is Cosmocentrism (naturalism)?
What is Theocentrism?
What is Anthropocentrism?
What is Sociocentrism?