1. PP500: Public Administration and Management
Unit 2
Professor Jamie Scripps

2. Housekeeping
Grading schedule
Feedback
Questions?

3. Unit 2 Written Assignment
Describe a recent event (can be local, state, or national) that illustrates some of the core issues and concerns of Public Administration.

4. Unit 2 Written Assignment
Write a short essay in which you do the following:
Identify at least 3 major concepts of Public Administration that relate to your chosen event (refer to Chapters 1-3 of Milakovich & Gordon)
Identify at least 3 concerns of Public Administration, as illustrated by your chosen event.

5. Concepts Bureaucracy Efficiency Federalism
Intergovernmental relationships
Transparency and Accountability

6. Bureaucracy
a formal organizational arrangement characterized by division of labor, job specialization with no functional overlap, exercise of authority through a vertical hierarchy (chain of command), and a system of internal rules, regulations, and record keeping;
in common usage, the administrative branch of government (national, state, or local) in the United States; also, individual administrative agencies of those governments.

7. Efficiency
the state or quality of being efficient; competency in performance.
accomplishment of or ability to accomplish a job with a minimum expenditure of time, effort, and resources (taxpayer dollars).

8. Federalism
a constitutional division of governmental power between a central or national government and regional governmental units (such as states), with each having some independent authority over its citizens.

9. Intergovernmental relationships
of, relating to, or conducted between two or more governments.

10. Transparency
characterized by visibility or accessibility of information.

11. Accountability
a political principle according to which agencies or organizations, such as those in government, are subject to some form of external control, causing them to give a general accounting of, and for, their actions; an essential concept in democratic public administration.

12. Discussion Question
Does transparency in government make us more or less safe? Why?

13. Discussion Question
How are bureaucrats held accountable for their actions?

14. Concerns Social-Demographic Change Population growth Urbanization
Threat of terrorism/public safety
Technological advances

15. Social-Demographic Changes
shifts in the population and economies of various regions that impact the delivery of public services.

16. Population growth
We have become a nation of over 304 million inhabitants, from less than one- third that many a century ago and just under half that number (151 million) in 1950.
This striking growth in numbers has been paralleled by increases in demands for public services.

17. Urbanization
the rapid and massive growth of, and migration to, large cities.

18. Threat of terrorism/public safety
Government has to be able to respond to potential emergencies, and ongoing policy and program demands, in new ways to meet new threats.
Politically, financially, and administratively, agencies must be equipped to deliver services or otherwise satisfy public demands placed on them.

19. Threat of terrorism/public safety
These demands have escalated following 9/ 11 and Hurricane Katrina (and now the BP oil spill in the Gulf) with the need for comprehensive planning to prevent actions of domestic and international terrorist groups and minimize the impact of natural disasters.
Such changes may require fundamental changes in the police power of government that may compromise strict interpretation of civil liberties.

20. Technological advances
rapidly emerging patterns of change in communication, medical, and transportation technologies, among others, with significant implications both for the societal challenges confronting government and for the means and resources increasingly available to government for conducting public affairs.

21. Discussion Question
How have technological changes affected government in general and public administration in particular?

22. Trends Participation E-Government Reduce Collective Bargaining
Focus on Budgets and Performance
Fiscal/Budget Constraints
Executive Dominance
Debureaucratization

23. Participation
Internal and external participation in government, which includes the devolution of national government functions to state and local governments and the emergence of new more localized community associations which encourage participation;

24. E-Government
The expansion of information technology and management science techniques, including e-government and the practices of outsourcing and contracting out;

25. Reduce Collective Bargaining
Attempts to eliminate public employee unionization and collective bargaining;

26. Focus on Budgets and Performance
A renewed emphasis on budgets, performance management and employee productivity;

27. Fiscal/Budget Constraints
Fiscal and budgetary constraints;

28. Executive Dominance
Executive dominance and the use of reorganization as an instrument of policy; and

29. Debureaucratization
Continuing efforts to debureaucratize

30. Debureaucratize
Strategy to decentralize and deregulate the public sector by reductions-in-force, promoting greater flexibility in personnel decisions, and increasing results-oriented incentives to reduce “overhead” costs.

31. Questions so far?

32. Human Behavior in Public Organizations
Formal Theories
Human Relations Schools
Organizational Humanism
Modern Organization

33. Formal Theories Max Weber and the Bureaucratic Model
division of labor and functional specialization
vertical hierarchy
formal rules and procedures
maintenance of records and files; and
emphasis on neutral administration and professionalism.

34. Formal Theories Frederick Winslow Taylor and “Scientific Management
efficiency
rationality
productivity and
profit (applied to the private sector).
Like Weber, Taylor viewed authority within an organization as highly centralized and hierarchical; he was later criticized by scholars for ignoring the needs of workers.

35. Human Relations Schools
Hawthorne Studies - Mayo’s Hawthorne studies found that within a formal organizational framework there was an equally influential informal social structure that affected behavior and motivation.

36. Organizational Humanism
Maslow’s  Hierarchy of Needs –workers have different kinds of needs that must be satisfied in sequence:
basic survival needs
job security
social needs
ego needs and
personal fulfillment in the job,
(page 172, figure 4-1).

37. Modern Organization
TQM – (Total Quality Management) – Management approach that encourages organization-wide commitment, teamwork and better quality of results by providing incentives to increase the success of the whole enterprise.

38. Discussion Question
The human relations school challenged the formal approach in a number of ways, including greater concern with informal social structures within organizations.
What are the criticisms of this school and how have they influenced its acceptance and application in public agencies?

39. Discussion Question
Discuss the values underlying modern organization theory.
What are the major elements and implications of a “systems” approach to overcoming complexity, uncertainty, and isolation from the surrounding environment?

40. Discussion Question
Why would some individuals in organizations resist efforts to “improve coordination” among various units and activities?
How might those intent on improving coordination overcome such resistance?

41. Questions?