1. 3. Social Inclusion 1. Economic Competitiveness/ Kick-start economies 2. Demographic * ageing * migration Context on why lifelong learning? 4. Political Maintenance/development of democratic societies 5. Personal Development

2. Spectrum of State Involvement ‘Public service’ model LLL as ‘public good’ Strong involvement of state ‘Market’/’quasi- market’ model LLL as ‘private good’ Minimal involvement of state Mixed model Position dictated by: History and/or Ideology and/or Resources

3. Gaps in participation ‘Matthew effect 1’ - volume & distribution - a ‘double-edged sword’?‘Matthew effect 1’ - volume & distribution - a ‘double-edged sword’? Adults with high level of education are > 6 times > likely to participate than low skilledAdults with high level of education are > 6 times > likely to participate than low skilled Age - persons aged 55-64 participate 4 times less (4.6%) than persons aged 25-34 years (15.5%)Age - persons aged 55-64 participate 4 times less (4.6%) than persons aged 25-34 years (15.5%) –61% of aged 55+ have never used a computer

4. Policy Goals - Tensions Economic, social and/or cultural policy??Economic, social and/or cultural policy?? Government/Social movement/private sectorGovernment/Social movement/private sector Learning for a living : learning for livingLearning for a living : learning for living Employability /Social cohesionEmployability /Social cohesion More & better jobs : better social cohesionMore & better jobs : better social cohesion A public good : a private goodA public good : a private good Government responsibility/learner agencyGovernment responsibility/learner agency Political control : market controlPolitical control : market control Knowledge economy : knowledge societyKnowledge economy : knowledge society Contexts: Globalization/decentralizationContexts: Globalization/decentralization

5. LLL in the 21 ST CENTURY Needs to address a wide range of divides, e.g; –knowledge divide; skills divide –digital divide; gender divide (e.g. ethnic minorities); age divide ethnic minorities); age divide A social inclusion and equality framework serving multiple purposes, viz., compensatory (recompense for learning not achieved)compensatory (recompense for learning not achieved) educational (prepares for next level)educational (prepares for next level) economic (the labour market)economic (the labour market) redistributive (access to qualifications)redistributive (access to qualifications) promotion of equality (between sectors)promotion of equality (between sectors) inter-generationalinter-generational

6. Challenges 1. Vision/Reality of poverty >Ensuring a holistic perspective (with political, cultural, financial and technical dimensions)that transforms inequities 2. Policy discourse/implementation  How to organize/manage LLL in the context of decentralization  Coordinating different govt agencies  Bringing LLL closer to the people who need them most  Strengthening local initiatives

7. Challenges 3. Synergies/fragmentation  Formal/non-formal  RVA of prior learning 4. Partnership /Competition >The complexity of providing LLL opportunities requires active involvement of social partners & civil society >Building networks of providers and learners 5. Motivating learners/creativity and autonomy