1. Bridge to the 20 th Century Industry, Immigration, and Reform- The Progressive Movement

2. The Origins of the Progressive Movement

3. The Progressive Movement  Who were they?  Journalists and writers, intellectuals, and political reformers.  How did it start?  Began with dissatisfied farmers and spread to middle-class city dwellers.

4.  What did they want to do?  Protect social welfare  Promote Moral Improvement  Create Economic Reform  Foster Efficiency

5. Protecting Social Welfare  Social Gospel Movement and Settlement House Movement  Young Men’s Christian Association (YMCA)  Salvation Army

6. Promoting Moral Reform  Prohibition  The legal banning of alcohol was pushed for by reformers

7. Prohibition  Seen as a way to  Protect women against violence  Uplift immigrants

8. Prohibition  Attacking saloons  Saloons provided cheap meals, cashed paychecks, and provided meeting places.  Attacks drew negative response from immigrants.

9. The Vote for Women  Seen as the next step to promoting moral reform in society by women’s groups.

10. Creating Economic Reform  Corruption in business and government attacked.  Muckrakers  Definition  Journalists who wrote about the corruption of business and politics.

11. Fostering Efficiency  Scientific Management  Definition  The effort to improve efficiency in the workplace by applying scientific principles.

12. Assembly Line and Henry Ford  Ford Motor Company used assembly line to assemble cars.  Increased production  Turned people into machines that exhausted themselves.

13.  To attract workers Ford paid $5 a day and reduced the work day to 8 hours.

14. Cleaning Up Government

15. Reforming Local Government  Power had to be taken from the corrupt political machine and given back to the people

16.  City Commissions  City councils replaced by appointed commissions that ran certain city departments.  City-Manager  Appointed position where a qualified individual ran the city’s departments.

17. Reforming State Government  Reform of business  States began passing laws to reform business and industry.  Business had been buying off politicians to protect their industries.

18. Reforming State Government  Child Labor  Problems  Health concerns  Accidents  Led hard adult lives

19. Child Labor  States take on Child Labor  Supreme Court struck down child labor legislation from Congress  States passed laws limiting and banning child labor and cut it in half in a decade.

20. Limiting Working Hours  Muller v. Oregon  Supreme Court ruled a state could limit the working hours of women

21. Limiting Working Hours  Results  Led to other states following suit and soon limits were in place for men.  10 hour days

22. Workers Compensation  In 1902 states began passing laws to pay benefits to injured employees in dangerous occupations.

23. Reforming Elections  How do you reform elections?  Give power to the people  States adopted the secret ballot

24. Reforming Elections  Initiative and Referendum  State gave ordinary people the right to make law through the initiative and referendum.

25.  Initiative - bill created by ordinary people placed on ballot  Proposition  Referendum- was a vote by the public on the initiative

26. Reforming Elections  Recall  Enabled voters to remove elected officials by holding a special election before the end of their term.

27. Election of Senators  17 th Amendment- Direct Election of Senators  Until the 17 th Amendment Senators were selected by state legislators-and by political machine bosses.

28. Women in Public Life

29. Role of Women  On the Farm  Critical to family success and survival  As Domestic Workers  Women of all races, but mostly of low economic class, served as domestic servants throughout the United States

30. Role of Women  In Industry  At first women did low skill jobs for more than half of what men got paid.  As business expanded women began to fill the roles of secretaries and teachers.

31. Women as Reform Leaders  Suffrage  Women’s groups had united to try and get the vote for women.  3 Part Plan

32.  First- convince state governments to grant the vote  Western states began to do so in 1869  Second- Get Supreme Court to rule on women and voting.  Supreme Court did rule that women were citizens, but that did not guarantee the vote.

33.  Third- Push for a constitutional amendment  Kept getting rejected.

34. Teddy Roosevelt and the Square Deal

35. Background  Roosevelt was born into a wealthy New York family  Sickly as a child (asthma) he grew to push himself to excel physically.  Graduate of Harvard  Married Twice  Inspiration for the Teddy Bear

36.  Published author and recognized expert on US wildlife  Cattle Rancher

37. Public Service  NY State Assemblyman  NYC Police Commissioner  Asst. Secretary of the US Navy  Governor of NY  Vice-President

38. The Modern Presidency  TR was 1st “modern” president  Used popularity to shape policy  Influenced press and used them to gain influence  Saw presidency as a defender of the people against growing government power.

39. Using Federal Power

40.  TR sought to see that the people got what he called a “square deal” from government.

41. Labor Strikes  1902 Coal Strikes  5 months into the strike winter was threatened and reserves were low.  TR forced both sides to meet with an arbitration commission which mediated (settled) the dispute

42. Labor Strikes  Result  TR established the right/responsibility of the federal government to intervene in labor disputes.  Showed disputes could be settled in an orderly manner- no violence.