2. Suprasegmentals

3. Segmental Segmental refers to phonemes and allophones and their attributes refers to phonemes and allophones and their attributes Supra- or extra-segmental Supra- or extra-segmental Elements that transcend or extends across segmental boundaries Elements that transcend or extends across segmental boundaries

4. Suprasegmentals Speech has… Melody Melody Intonation Intonation Rhythm Rhythm Stress Stress Tempo Tempo Rate and/or duration Rate and/or duration Quantity Quantity Prosody

5. Intonation Intonation contour Intonation contour F 0 changes over time F 0 changes over time Intonation contour marks Intonation contour marks Grammatical information Grammatical information Phrase boundaries Phrase boundaries Sentence type Sentence type Affective information Affective information Emotion Emotion

6. Grammatical Information Marking phrase boundaries Marking phrase boundaries F 0 declination F 0 declination Marking sentence type Marking sentence type Statement vs. question Statement vs. question “overide” F 0 declination “overide” F 0 declination

7. Marking Phrase Boundaries F0 Time Sound Pressure

8. Why does F 0 decline toward the end of a phrase? Some possible explanations Linguistic explanation Linguistic explanation Physiologic explanation Physiologic explanation

9. Time Frequency F0 Sound Pressure Marking Sentence Types

10. Marking Emotion

11. Clinical Example Healthy Male ControlHypokinetic dysarthria

12. Stress Syllabic stress Syllabic stress Primary, secondary and tertiary stress Primary, secondary and tertiary stress Lexical stress Lexical stress e.g. noun-verb distinction for “import” e.g. noun-verb distinction for “import” Emphatic stress Emphatic stress Highlight a word in a phrase Highlight a word in a phrase

13. Stress Related to “effort” Related to “effort” Acoustic correlates Acoustic correlates Complex percept Complex percept Fundamental frequency Fundamental frequency Intensity Intensity Duration Duration

14. Syllabic stress Frequency F0 Sound Pressure OBjectobJECT

15. Tempo Rate/durational aspects of speech Rate/durational aspects of speech Relative rate/durational measures Relative rate/durational measures Relative duration within a phrase/utterance Relative duration within a phrase/utterance Absolute rate/durational measures Absolute rate/durational measures Speech rate Speech rate Articulation time Articulation time Pause time Pause time Articulation rate Articulation rate

16. Relative Duration Selected Contextual considerations Marking grammatical events Marking grammatical events Phrase final lengthening Phrase final lengthening Phonetic influences Phonetic influences Local phonetic environment Local phonetic environment Vowel duration preceding voiced consonants Vowel duration preceding voiced consonants Consonant clusters Consonant clusters Marking Rhythm Marking Rhythm Stress Stress

17. “pod” Vowel=303 msec “pot” Vowel=221 msec Vowel duration preceding consonants

18. Speech Tempo Typically expressed as # of speech elements/time Typically expressed as # of speech elements/time Typically expressed as syllables/sec or words/syllables per minute Typically expressed as syllables/sec or words/syllables per minute Can be quite variable depending on communication pressures Can be quite variable depending on communication pressures Quite variable from person to person Quite variable from person to person Habitual speech rate is somewhat stable within a speaker Habitual speech rate is somewhat stable within a speaker

19. Tempo Measures Speaking rate Speaking rate Number of syllables/words/total speaking time Number of syllables/words/total speaking time Can be informative about overall rate of information transfer Can be informative about overall rate of information transfer

20. Tempo Measures Articulation time Articulation time Duration occupied by speech-related acoustic energy Duration occupied by speech-related acoustic energy Pause time Pause time Duration between “runs” of speech-related acoustic energy Duration between “runs” of speech-related acoustic energy Associated with inspiration and/or syntactic boundaries Associated with inspiration and/or syntactic boundaries Operational definitions often require pause time to be at least 200-250 msec Operational definitions often require pause time to be at least 200-250 msec Articulation rate Articulation rate Number of syllables or words/articulation time Number of syllables or words/articulation time

21. Different forms of rate deviation Fast speech rate: hypokinetic dysarthria Slow speech rate 1: ALS Slow speech rate 2: ALS Slow speech rate 3: ALS

22. Acoustic Comparison

23. Intelligibility Estimate of how well the speaker is understood Estimate of how well the speaker is understood Ways to estimate intelligibility Ways to estimate intelligibility Scaling methods Scaling methods Transcription/forced choice tasks Transcription/forced choice tasks Word level Word level Sentence level Sentence level

24. Words vs. Sentences Words Words If constructed properly, can provide information about “goodness” of phonetic contrasts If constructed properly, can provide information about “goodness” of phonetic contrasts e.g. target: “coat” foils: “goat”, “code”, “tote” e.g. target: “coat” foils: “goat”, “code”, “tote” Sentences Sentences perhaps an increased face validity perhaps an increased face validity Allows contextual cues Allows contextual cues Incorporates some suprasegmental factors Incorporates some suprasegmental factors

25. Communication Efficiency some have attempted to estimate the efficiency of communication some have attempted to estimate the efficiency of communication Combining Combining Speech rate Speech rate Intelligibility Intelligibility i.e. intelligible syllables per second (or syllables/words per minute) i.e. intelligible syllables per second (or syllables/words per minute)