2. Presenter: Shu-Ping Chuang ( 莊舒萍 ) Rung-Fu Chung ( 鍾榮富 ) Date: May 18 th,2013 Applied English Department of STUST

3. OUTLINE  Introduction  Literature Review  Research Methods - Data collection & analysis  Results - Intonation properties and meanings - Students' Outcomes  Discussion and conclusion - Pragmatics and intonations - Perceptive knowledge and productive performance - Implications and suggestions 2015/10/4Pragmatic functions reflected in intonation variation by Chuang, S.P.

4. 2015/10/4INTONATION OF GREETINGS: A PRAGMATIC PERSPECTIVE by Chuang, S.P. Introduction Motivation Research Qs

5. Introduction (1)- Motivation  Aim: to explore the meanings beyond the basic greeting utterances how are you in the basis of various intonation patterns.  Motivation: (1) pedagogical perspective: do not take pragmatic and intonation knowledge into consideration (2) academic perspective : sparse researchers concentrated on the pragmatic meanings behind the intonation properties. 2015/10/4INTONATION OF GREETINGS: A PRAGMATIC PERSPECTIVE by Chuang, S.P.

6. Introduction (2)- Research Questions  (1) What intonation properties can help generalize the pragmatic distinction in greeting expression?  (2) To what extent do the 5-year-college students' perceptive knowledge differ from productive performance about intonations difference? 2015/10/4INTONATION OF GREETINGS: A PRAGMATIC PERSPECTIVE by Chuang, S.P.

7. 2015/10/4INTONATION OF GREETINGS: A PRAGMATIC PERSPECTIVE by Chuang, S.P. Literature Review Intonation & pragmatics Wh-question Intonation meanings

8. Literature Review (1)- intonation & pragmatics  Example: Did you finish those PPT slides? A: Sort of. (narrower pitch range) B: Sort of. (higher pitch range) (Adapted from Hirschberg, 2004, p.234) 2015/10/4INTONATION OF GREETINGS: A PRAGMATIC PERSPECTIVE by Chuang, S.P. Context, word ordering, stress, and intonation can unfold the puzzle

9. Literature Review (2)— intonation 2015/10/4INTONATION OF GREETINGS: A PRAGMATIC PERSPECTIVE by Chuang, S.P.

10. Literature Review (3)— wh-question  Wh-question generally belongs to rising- falling pattern (Celce-Murcia, et al., 2010; Prator & Robinett 1985).  Hirschberg (2004): H*L-L% pattern 2015/10/4INTONATION OF GREETINGS: A PRAGMATIC PERSPECTIVE by Chuang, S.P.

11. Literature Review (4)— Intonation Meanings 2015/10/4INTONATION OF GREETINGS: A PRAGMATIC PERSPECTIVE by Chuang, S.P.

12. 2015/10/4INTONATION OF GREETINGS: A PRAGMATIC PERSPECTIVE by Chuang, S.P. Research Methods Data collection Software & materials Instrument

13. Research Methods (3-1) Data Collection Participants Numbers52 (31 students were chosen for recording) Education5-year-system college (2 nd grade) Gender5 males; 47 females First LanguageMandarin or Southern Min Learning Experience At least 1 year pronunciation course in that school 2015/10/4INTONATION OF GREETINGS: A PRAGMATIC PERSPECTIVE by Chuang, S.P. Utterances31 (19 films)14 (9 books)

14. Research Methods (3-2-1) Software 2015/10/4INTONATION OF GREETINGS: A PRAGMATIC PERSPECTIVE by Chuang, S.P.  Film corpus– Good Go

15. Research Methods (3-2-2) Software 2015/10/4INTONATION OF GREETINGS: A PRAGMATIC PERSPECTIVE by Chuang, S.P.  Praat Software: supports spectral, pitch, formant, intensity analysis, excitation patterns, and so forth.

16. Research Methods (3-2-3) Software 2015/10/4INTONATION OF GREETINGS: A PRAGMATIC PERSPECTIVE by Chuang, S.P.  The Script of Praat (Huang, 2005)  It can measure formant, pitch and VOT value.

17. Research Methods (3-3-1) Instrument: productive recording 2015/10/4INTONATION OF GREETINGS: A PRAGMATIC PERSPECTIVE by Chuang, S.P.  Place: computer lab with headphones and microphones.  Procedure: Read the greeting written on the board before conducting perceptive task  Samples: Among 31 recordings, 27 were adopted due to voice volume and quality.

18. Research Methods (3-4-1) Instrument: perceptive checklist 2015/10/4INTONATION OF GREETINGS: A PRAGMATIC PERSPECTIVE by Chuang, S.P. 1. The intonation contours which were used for uttering.

19. Research Methods (3-4-2) Instrument: perceptive checklist 2015/10/4INTONATION OF GREETINGS: A PRAGMATIC PERSPECTIVE by Chuang, S.P. 2. Audio files: set (1) - unmarked intonations (2) - marked intonations

20. Results - RQ1: Intonation Patterns and Meanings - RQ 2: Students’ Outcomes 2015/10/4INTONATION OF GREETINGS: A PRAGMATIC PERSPECTIVE by Chuang, S.P.

21. RQ1:Intonation Patterns & Meanings 2015/10/4INTONATION OF GREETINGS: A PRAGMATIC PERSPECTIVE by Chuang, S.P.

22. RQ1:Intonation Patterns & Meanings Example (1) Steve: Knock knock! A: Steve! How are you? Steve: I’m good, real good. Virginia, nice to see you. Bridget: Well, hi (high voice), Steve. (Extracted from Forces of Nature, 23:55- 24:14) 2015/10/4INTONATION OF GREETINGS: A PRAGMATIC PERSPECTIVE by Chuang, S.P. Attitudinal: surprise

23. RQ1:Intonation Patterns & Meanings Example (2) Dr. Young: Hello, Ms. West. How are you today? Ms. West: Not so good. Dr. Young: So, what's wrong, exactly? Ms. West: I'm exhausted! (Extracted from Richards & Gordon, 2005, p.81) 2015/10/4INTONATION OF GREETINGS: A PRAGMATIC PERSPECTIVE by Chuang, S.P. Indexical: higher social status

24. RQ1:Intonation Patterns & Meanings Example (3) Jim: I can't believe those two girls, Kevin. Kevin: Jim, it's not a big deal. Jim: They toyed with my emotions. Man: Hello. Hello. (to girls) Jim: See. There are other girls. Man: How are you? (to girls) Kevin: You got nothing to worry about man. Jim: Jessica's here with Vicky. And Vicky got hot. What's that supposed to mean? Look at her. Kevin: Yeah, Jim. I see her. Jim: Hey, Kevin, I'll be right back. (Extracted from Apple Pie 2, 11:26- 11:58) 2015/10/4INTONATION OF GREETINGS: A PRAGMATIC PERSPECTIVE by Chuang, S.P. Discourse: accosting

25. RQ 1:Intonation Patterns & Meanings Summary 2015/10/4INTONATION OF GREETINGS: A PRAGMATIC PERSPECTIVE by Chuang, S.P. passion, surprise, enthusiasm Surprise, formality, seriousness, higher social status or politeness

26. RQ 2: Students' Outcomes (1)  Students' cognition of intonation 2015/10/4INTONATION OF GREETINGS: A PRAGMATIC PERSPECTIVE by Chuang, S.P.

27. RQ 2: Students' Outcomes (2)  Students' perception of intonation patterns 2015/10/4INTONATION OF GREETINGS: A PRAGMATIC PERSPECTIVE by Chuang, S.P. commonuncommon

28. RQ 2: Students' Outcomes (3)  Students' production of intonation patterns 2015/10/4INTONATION OF GREETINGS: A PRAGMATIC PERSPECTIVE by Chuang, S.P. commonuncommon

29. RQ 2: Students' Outcomes (4)  Students' perception & production of intonation patterns 2015/10/4INTONATION OF GREETINGS: A PRAGMATIC PERSPECTIVE by Chuang, S.P. TB MV

30. RQ 2: Students' Outcomes (5) Ni Hao Ma (How are you) 2015/10/4INTONATION OF GREETINGS: A PRAGMATIC PERSPECTIVE by Chuang, S.P.

31. Conclusion - Discussion - Implications &Suggestions for further study 2015/10/4INTONATION OF GREETINGS: A PRAGMATIC PERSPECTIVE by Chuang, S.P.

32. Conclusion (5-1)- Discussion Pragmatics and intonations 2015/10/4INTONATION OF GREETINGS: A PRAGMATIC PERSPECTIVE by Chuang, S.P. Intonation Pragmatics

33. Conclusion (5-2)- Discussion Perceptive & productive knowledge  Perception ≠ Production  Lack of prosody instruction difficult to conjoin what students see, what students hear, and what students produce. serious communication breakdown, and inter-/cross-cultural misunderstanding. 2015/10/4INTONATION OF GREETINGS: A PRAGMATIC PERSPECTIVE by Chuang, S.P.

34. Conclusion (5-3)- Implication  1. Instruction time limitation: unmarked: young learners; marked: adults writers should write more pragmatic and intonation patterns for adult learners  2. There are more pragmatic meanings and intonation patterns in textbooks than expected, but teachers and writers do not mention them. online resources and films are recommended  3. There is a big gap between students' perceptive and productive knowledge. offer opportunities for students to speak out. 2015/10/4INTONATION OF GREETINGS: A PRAGMATIC PERSPECTIVE by Chuang, S.P.

35. Conclusion (5-4)- Suggestions  1. Interview English native speakers to check the pragmatics & intonations  2. Intonation functions can be classified from pitch movement, pause, boundary and length of the utterances.  3. Action research (pragmatics & intonation courses ) whether Ss could interpret or produce the meanings with different intonations 2015/10/4INTONATION OF GREETINGS: A PRAGMATIC PERSPECTIVE by Chuang, S.P.

36. 2015/10/4INTONATION OF GREETINGS: A PRAGMATIC PERSPECTIVE by Chuang, S.P.

37. Research Methods (3-6-1) Data Analysis: pragmatics 2015/10/4INTONATION OF GREETINGS: A PRAGMATIC PERSPECTIVE by Chuang, S.P.  (a) attitudinal  (b) indexical  (c) discourse

38. Research Methods (3-6-2) Data Analysis: intonations 2015/10/4INTONATION OF GREETINGS: A PRAGMATIC PERSPECTIVE by Chuang, S.P.

39. Data Analysis: intonations Slope 2015/10/4INTONATION OF GREETINGS: A PRAGMATIC PERSPECTIVE by Chuang, S.P.

40. Data Analysis: intonations shift / slide (1) 2015/10/4INTONATION OF GREETINGS: A PRAGMATIC PERSPECTIVE by Chuang, S.P. Prator & Robinett (1985)

41. Data Analysis: intonations shift / slide (2) 2015/10/4INTONATION OF GREETINGS: A PRAGMATIC PERSPECTIVE by Chuang, S.P.  For simple sentences such as how are you, the focus is mainly on the be-verb (Wells, 2006).  When the interlocutor responds to the question by repeating the same sentence, the tonic normally changes (Wells, 2006).

42. Data Analysis: intonations shift / slide (3) 2015/10/4INTONATION OF GREETINGS: A PRAGMATIC PERSPECTIVE by Chuang, S.P. Greeting back (slide) Normal greeting (shift)

43. Data Analysis: intonations special situation 2015/10/4INTONATION OF GREETINGS: A PRAGMATIC PERSPECTIVE by Chuang, S.P. Slope: -13 HzSlope: 10Hz

44. Data Analysis: intonations 2015/10/4INTONATION OF GREETINGS: A PRAGMATIC PERSPECTIVE by Chuang, S.P.

45. Data Analysis: intonations 2015/10/4INTONATION OF GREETINGS: A PRAGMATIC PERSPECTIVE by Chuang, S.P.

46. Research Methods (3-6-3) Data Analysis: Markedness 2015/10/4INTONATION OF GREETINGS: A PRAGMATIC PERSPECTIVE by Chuang, S.P.

47. Conclusion (1-1)- Summary RQ1 2015/10/4INTONATION OF GREETINGS: A PRAGMATIC PERSPECTIVE by Chuang, S.P. Do greeting expressions mean differently in different pragmatic contexts? 1. How are you(1)Attitudinal: politeness, passion, shyness and surprise (2)Indexical: higher social status, meeting at the first time, friends have not seen for ages, or close relationship (3)Discourse: normal greetings, saying hi, accosting, asking the progress, and asking for a reply

48. Conclusion (1-2)- Summary RQ2 2015/10/4INTONATION OF GREETINGS: A PRAGMATIC PERSPECTIVE by Chuang, S.P. What intonation properties of intonation patterns can be generalized with pragmatic meanings? 1. How are you(1)Rising tail: enthusiasm (e.g., surprise, passion, accosting or happiness) (2) Falling tail: formality, seriousness or politeness (e.g., higher social status) (3) Level: speakers have good relationship.

49. Conclusion (1-3)- Summary RQ3 2015/10/4INTONATION OF GREETINGS: A PRAGMATIC PERSPECTIVE by Chuang, S.P. To what extent do the college students' productive and perceptive knowledge about pragmatic meanings and intonations differ from textbooks and films? 1. How are you(1)Pragmatics: unmarked = normal greetings marked = ask the progress ※ the rest are inconsistent (2)Intonations: unmarked = rising-falling tone ※ the rest are inconsistent (3) Perception ≠ production