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Infancy, Childhood, And Adolescence
Life Cycle Nutrition Infancy, Childhood, And Adolescence Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
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Infancy Energy intake and activity Energy nutrients
Weight triples first year High metabolic rate 45 kcal/lb Energy nutrients Protein especially important Breast milk is high fat Carbohydrate for brain Vitamins and minerals Vit A, C, D, Iodine needs are high Water Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
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Infancy Weight gain during first 5 years
Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
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Infancy Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
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Recommended Intakes Of An Infant And An Adult
Compared On The Basis Of Body Weight Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
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Breast Milk Frequency and duration of breastfeeding Energy nutrients
8-12 feedings /d 10-15 min per breast Energy nutrients Alpha-lactalbumin Essential fatty acids Lactose Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
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Breast Milk Energy nutrient content
Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Breast Milk Energy nutrient content
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Breast Milk Vitamins Minerals Vitamin D is low Calcium well absorbed
Iron is low but bioavailable Zinc is low but bioavailable Low sodium and fluoride Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
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Breast Milk Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
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Breast Milk Immunological protection Colostrum Bifidus factors
Lactoferrin Lactadherin Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
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Breast Milk Allergy and disease protection Other potential benefits
Fewer allergies Lower BP and Cholesterol as adults Other potential benefits Less obesity as adults Positive effect on intelligence Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
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Infant Formula Wean Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
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Infant Formula Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
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Infant Formula Risks of formula feeding Infant formula standards
Sanitary water Food handling techniques No antibodies Infant formula standards Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
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Infant Formula Special formulas Hypoallergenic formulas
Soy formula for vegans and lactose intolerant infants Inappropriate formulas Soy or rice milk; Goat’s milk Nursing bottle tooth decay Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
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Special Needs Of Preterm Infants
Long-chain fatty acids Arachidonic acid DHA Preterm breast milk, More concentrated Can be fortified Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
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Introducing Cow’s Milk
Cow’s milk vs. breast milk No casein before age 1 Whole milk to age 2 Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
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Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
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Introducing Solid Foods
Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
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Introducing Solid Foods
Food allergies Choice of infant foods-variety -balance -moderation Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
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Introducing Solid Foods
Foods to provide iron Foods to provide vitamin C Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
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Introducing Solid Foods
Foods to omit Botulism Choking hazards Foods at one year Milk anemia Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
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Mealtimes With Toddlers
Behavior Exploration Don’t force foods Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
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Mealtimes With Toddlers
Provide nutritious foods Limit sweets Make mealtimes enjoyable Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
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Childhood Energy intake and activity Carbohydrate and fiber
Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Childhood Energy intake and activity Carbohydrate and fiber Fat and fatty acids
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Childhood Protein Vitamins and minerals Supplements
Iron fortified foods Supplements Not needed with balanced diet Problem nutrients in US are calcium, iron and zinc Planning children’s meals Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
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Hunger And Malnutrition In Children
Hunger and behavior Missing breakfast Iron deficiency and behavior Attention span and learning Other nutrient deficiencies and behavior Marginal malnutrition Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
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Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
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Malnutrition-Lead Connection
Lead poisoning as subtle, permanent effects with even 10 mcg/100 ml in blood. Lead absorption on an empty stomach Vitamins and minerals and lead absorption Iron (and pica) Calcium, zinc, vitamin C, vitamin D Protect against lead poisoning Leaded gasoline, lead-based paint and solder Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
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Hyperactivity And “Hyper” Behavior
Not sugar Misbehaving Regular sleep Regular mealtimes Regular outdoor activity Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
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Food Allergy And Intolerance
Detecting food allergy Asymptomatic allergy Symptomatic allergy 3-5% of children 1-2% of adults Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
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Food Allergy And Intolerance
Anaphylactic shock Eggs, milk, soy, peanuts Tree nuts, shrimp, wheat Epinephrine Food intolerances Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
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Childhood Obesity
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Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
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Childhood Obesity Genetic and environmental factors Growth
Physical health Psychological development Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
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Childhood Obesity Prevention and treatment of obesity Diet
Physical activity Adult role models Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
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Childhood Obesity Psychological support Behavioral changes
Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
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Mealtimes At Home Honoring children’s preferences
Learning through participation Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
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Mealtimes At Home Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
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Mealtimes At Home Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
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Mealtimes At Home Avoiding power struggles Choking prevention
Playing first, eating after Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
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Mealtimes At Home Snacking
Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
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Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
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Mealtimes At Home Preventing dental carries Serving as role models
Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
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Nutrition At School Meals at school
Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
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Nutrition At School Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
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Nutrition At School Competing influences at school
Nutrition education at school Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
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Nutrition During Adolescence
Growth and development Puberty 10-11 F 12-13 M Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
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Nutrition During Adolescence
Energy and nutrient needs Energy intake and activity Vitamins Iron Calcium Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
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Nutrition During Adolescence
Food choices and health habits Snacks Beverages Eating away from home Peer influence Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
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Intakes of milk vs. soft drinks
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Problems Adolescents Face
Drug use, in general Marijuana, Cocaine, Ecstasy Alcohol abuse Smoking and smokeless tobacco Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
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Childhood Obesity And Chronic Diseases
Early development of type 2 diabetes Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
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Childhood Obesity And Chronic Diseases
Early development of heart disease Atherosclerosis Plaque Fatty streaks High BP Dyslipidemia Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
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Childhood Obesity And Chronic Diseases
Physical activity Dietary recommendations for children Moderation, not deprivation Diet first, drugs later Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
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Childhood Obesity And Chronic Diseases
Smoking Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
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