1. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. W12/4-TH12/5/13; TH1/3-F1/4/13; TH1/5/12 Origin & Diffusion of Religions Ch. 6.2 (pp. 178-191)

2. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. I. Origin of Religions A.Universalizing Religions –precise origins, tied to a specific founder 1. Christianity –Founder: Jesus (c.1-32 AD) 2. Islam –Prophet of Islam: Muhammad (c.570-632 AD) 3. Buddhism –Founder: Siddhartha Gautama (c. 563-483 BC) 4. Others –Sikhism – Founder: Guru Nanak (1469-1538 AD) –Baha’i – Founder: Bab & Bah’u’llah (19 th Cent. AD)

3. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. I. Origin of Religions (cont.) B. Ethnic Religions –Often unclear or unknown origins, not always tied to a specific founder 1. Hinduism: no clear founder archaeological evidence dating from 2500 B.C. 1 st written down c.1500 B.C. earliest use of Hinduism c. sixth century B.C. 2. Confucianism: Confucius (551-479 B.C.) 3. Daoism: Lao-Zi (Lao Tse) (604-531? B.C.) 4. Shintoism: no clear founder; Emperor Meiji (state rel.) 5. Judaism: Abraham 6. Animism: no clear founder

4. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Diffusion of Universalizing Religions

5. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. II. Diffusion of Religions A. Universalizing religions 1. Christianity Diffuses via relocation and expansion diffusion –Contagious & hierarchical diffusion (w/in expansion diff.) Role of missionaries –Paul of Tarsus; later monks in Americas, Asia & Africa Conversion from pagan (Roman) to Christianity –begun under Constantine, confirmed under Theodosius Impact of internal & external migration patterns in U.S. –Ex: Protestants w/ English, Dutch & German settlers; Catholics w/ French & Irish settlers; Mormons in Utah

6. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Early Spread of Christianity

7. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Distribution of Christians in the U.S.

8. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Tomb in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem – spot of Christ’s burial& resurrection

9. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. II. Diffusion of Religions (cont.) A. Universalizing religions (cont.) 2. Islam Diffuses to North Africa, South and Southeast Asia (also Spain & southeastern Europe briefly) conquest, trade and conversion 3. Buddhism Slow diffusion from the core Emperor Asoka (r. 273-232 BC) Sri Lankan mission (Mahinda) 4. Sikhism: Punjab region (India) 5. Baha’i: international outlook

10. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Spread of Islam

11. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Spread of Buddhism

12. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. II. Diffusion of Religions (cont.) B. Ethnic Relgions –Limited diffusion of ethnic religions –Universal religions usually compete with ethnic religions –Ethnic religions can diffuse with migration 1. Examples of mingling: Christianity with African ethnic religions Buddhism with Confucianism in China and with Shinto in Japan 2. Judaism – exception to limited diffusion diaspora, ghettos, history of persecution, Holocaust

13. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. III. Holy Places A. Universalizing Religions Christian churches Buddhist shrines Muslim mosques & areas associated w/ life of Muhammad [Mecca, Medina, Kaba, hajj (pilgrimage)] Sikh Golden Temple at Amristar B. Ethnic Religions Holy places in Hinduism = closely tied to the physical geography of India Often relate to cosmogony (origin of universe) in ethnic religions

14. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Holy Places in Hinduism

15. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Al-Kaba

16. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Golden Temple of Amristar

17. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. IV. Religious Calendars A. Ethnic Religions –celebration of the seasons 1. The Jewish calendar – Rosh Hashanah, Yom Kippur –lunar vs. solar calendar 2. solstice (winter & summer) B. Universal Religions –celebration of the founder’s life 1. Christian calendar (B.C. vs. A.D.) –Gregorian (Catholic & Protestant) vs. Julian (Eastern Orth.) –Important holidays: Christmas, Easter 2. Islamic Calendar – lunar, sacred month (Ramadan) 3. Buddhist, Sikh – celebrate founder & gurus