1. Island Biogeography

4. Mangrove islands off the Florida coast

5. Mangrove Island Close-Up

6. Dan Simberloff on Mandolin Nick Gotelli on Guitar

7. Simberloff’s defaunation experiment on Mangroves

9. Results from Simberloff’s Experiment

10. Results from Simberloff’s Experiment pt. 2

11. Island Effect Why are there fewer species on islands than on equal sized areas of mainland? Differences purely to area? Differences due to mainland having more complex habitat?

12. Bracken Fern

13. Bracken Fern - Australia

14. Number of species found on Bracken Fern

15. Picture Winged Drosophila

16. Picture Winged Drosophila – more than 500 species from 1 ancestor

17. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x- r_YhATOYA&list=PL6C606070246F1C81 &index=6http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x- r_YhATOYA&list=PL6C606070246F1C81 &index=6

18. Cichlid Diversity

19. African Rift Lakes

20. Cichlids from Lake Tanganyika (left) and Lake Malawi (right)

21. Age of African Rift Lakes Lake Tanganyika – 12 million years old; about 250 species of cichlids; 80% endemic Lake Malawi – 5 million years old; about 700 species of cichlids; again 80% endemic Lake Victoria – 250,000 to 750,000 years old; about 400 species of cichlids – over 80% endemic

22. The dodo What makes species vulnerable to extinction?

24. What makes some populations or species vulnerable to extinction?

25. Rare species are more vulnerable to extinction Remember Rabinowitz – three factors determine rarity: 1.Geographic range 2.Width of habitat use 3.Local population size

26. Passenger pigeon

27. Passenger pigeon

28. Allee Effect Some species have a minimum requirement for population size in order to successfully breed

29. Characteristics that predispose species to becoming extinct 1. habitat overlap - the species occupy habitat that is desirable to humans and lose out in competition with humans for the habitat - tallgrass prairie species 2. human attention - species suffer because singled out by humans - either desired as food or fur and hunted heavily (passenger pigeon, dodo, northern elephant seal); or disliked by humans and killed as varmints (wolves, African wild dogs) 3. large home range requirements - animals needing large areas can’t find large enough areas in human dominated landscape - California condor, polar bear 4. limited adaptability and resilience - salmon return to natal stream to reproduce; won’t go elsewhere

30. Habitat overlap – Konza Prairie, Kansas

31. Human attention – African wild dog

32. Large Home Range Requirements - California Condor

33. Limited adaptability and resilience - Coho salmon

34. Salmon Life Cycle

35. Coho Salmon support 137 species

36. Additional factors Species in which population size is declining Animal species with large bodies Species that are not effective dispersers Seasonal migrants Species with little genetic variability Species with specialized niche requirements Species usually found in stable, pristine environments Species that form permanent or temporary aggregations Species that have not had previous contact with people Species closely related to other species that have gone extinct or that are endangered

37. Species in population decline – barn owls

38. Species with large home ranges – Polar bear

39. Animals with large bodies

40. Species that are not effective dispersers - Freshwater Mussels

41. Seasonal migrants such as Blackpoll Warbler

42. Species with little genetic variability – Madagascar fish eagle

43. Species with specialized niche requirements – hummingbird flower mites

44. Species usually found in stable, pristine environments

45. Species that form permanent or temporary aggregations

46. Species with little or no prior contact with people – Western Australia flora

47. Species related to other extinct or endangered species - Cranes

50. Worldwide Endangered Species

51. Endangered tree species - worldwide

52. Rare and Endangered Species in Japan

53. Endangered species in Canada and the US – as of 1990’s

54. Threatened and Endangered Species

55. Threatened And Endangered Species in Illinois

56. Four-toed salamander – found at Green Oaks

57. Past Climate Change

61. Coring Glacial Ice

62. Ice Core Data

63. Pollen core data collection

64. Pollen Core Data

65. Distribution of North American Trees in past 16,000 years

66. Black-tailed prairie dog

67. Northern bog lemming

68. Eastern chipmunk

69. Global Ice Coverage Last Ice Age

70. Rainforests in: a. Glacial period, b. Inter-glacial period

71. Global carbon cycle

72. Carbon dioxide concentration at Mauna Loa

73. Change in Average Global Temperature

74. Statistics and climate change http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=pla yer_embedded&v=e0vj-0imOLwhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=pla yer_embedded&v=e0vj-0imOLw

76. Surface temperature trends from 1800-2009 http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/vid eo/2011/oct/20/berkeley-earth-climate- change-videohttp://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/vid eo/2011/oct/20/berkeley-earth-climate- change-video

77. Model predictions of global temperature increase

78. Predicted surface change 1960-2060

79. Current distributions of biomes

80. Predictions for biomes after global warming

81. The Earth Ice Free

82. Global Ice Coverage Last Ice Age

84. Will species be able to survive current climate change? Maybe Maybe not

85. New Complications with Climate Change 1.Current species and populations may already be stressed by habitat loss and environmental degradation 2.Habitat loss will make it harder for species to migrate to new areas 3.Global temperature may increase to temperatures that are much greater than species experienced in the past 4.Rate of global climate change is probably faster than in geologic past

86. Pikas may run out of mountaintop