1. Key Factors Influencing Regional SDI Development and Relevance to Global and other Levels
Abbas Rajabifard
and
Ian Williamson
GSDI 6
Budapest, September/ 2002

2. Overview Introduction & Background SDI – Nature and components
SDI Development Models
Human and Community Issues
Asia-Pacific region: a case study
Outcomes
Key Factors Influencing Regional SDI Development
Conclusion

3. Introduction & Background
Part of a results of a main topic
SDI Diffusion
Concept and Nature of SDI
SDI Hierarchy
Relationships Among Different SDIs
SDI Development Models

4. Spatial Data Infrastructure
SDI is an initiative necessary for the effective collection, management, access, delivery and utilisation of spatial data;
SDI is whole about facilitation and coordination of the exchange and sharing of spatial data;

5. Nature of SDI Components
Dynamic
People
Access Network
Policy
Standards
Data

6. Obstacles Technical issues Economic/financial issues
lack of data, standards, metadata, search engines, communication network/bandwidth
Economic/financial issues
cost sharing
Social/institutional/organisational issues
awareness, education, pricing, security, freedom of access
Political/legal issues
sensitive data, intellectual property

7. Hierarchy of SDI
Less detailed data
Global SDI
Global Planning
Regional Planning
National Planning
State Planning
Local Planning
Regional SDI
National SDI
State SDI
Local SDI
Corporate SDI
More detailed Data
The success of developing any type of SDIs, heavily depends to on individuals realising the need to cooperate with each other.

8. Relationships Among Different SDIs
Global SDI
Regional SDIs
National SDIs
State SDIs
Local SDIs
Corporate SDI

9. SDI Development Models
Product-Based Model: (linked) database(s)
Process-Based Model: strategy required to manage information assets

10. Product-Based Model
People
Data
Policy
Access Network
Standards
Definition Collection Integration
DataBase Creation
Dissemination
Technology Components
...the main aim of an SDI initiative being to link existing and upcoming databases of the respective political/administrative levels of the community.

11. Border of Social System Knowledge Infrastructure and Capacity Building
Process-Based Model
Border of Social System
Knowledge Infrastructure and Capacity Building
Communication Channel
Coordination
Facilitation
People
SDI Facility
Metadata directory
...the main aim of an SDI initiative as defining a framework to facilitate the management of information assets.

12. Border of Social System Knowledge Infrastructure and Capacity Building
Process-Based Model
Border of Social System
Knowledge Infrastructure and Capacity Building
Communication Channel
Coordination
Facilitation
People
SDI Facility
Metadata directory
..or the objectives behind the design of an SDI are to provide better communication channels for sharing and using data assets.

13. Process-Based Model Border of Social System Communication Channel
Knowledge Infrastructure and Capacity Building
Communication Channel
Coordination
Facilitation
People
SDI Facility
Metadata directory
Awareness
Knowledge Infrastructures
Persuasion
Decisions
Utilisation
Communication Channels
Participation

14. Human and Community Issues
Communities/people concerned are expecting to reap benefits from their investment in SDI in terms of improved corporate performances and cooperation.
Therefore
It is essential to understand the significance of human and community issues, as much as technical issues as they determine the long running success of an SDI innovation;
Developing a successful SDI must be seen as a socio-technical, rather than a purely technical exercise.

15. Socio-Technical Viewpoint
Techno-Centric
Spatial data community
Focus on technology
Technology push
Because it’s possible
Others are developing
Specified by technologist
Static in nature
Socio-Technical
Spatial data community
People and technology
Demand pull
Because it’s needed
We need it
Specified by Users
dynamic in nature
(Adopted from Petch and Reeve 1999)

16. Asia and the Pacific region: a case study
Asia and the Pacific region is
largest region in the world
60 per cent of the world’s population / 3.5 billion people
55 countries as defined by the UN

18. Asia and the Pacific region: a case study
Regional Organisations
APEC
APCC
ASEAN
SAARC
UN-ESCAP
UNRCC-AP
APNIC
ECO
AAECP,
etc.
Main Objectives of Regional Cooperation
Acceleration of economic growth, social progress and cultural development;
Promotion of regional peace and stability;
More effective collaboration to improve the agricultural, industrial, trading, transport and communications sectors of the regional economy;
Promotion of regional cooperation for ecological and environmental protection.

19. Asia and the Pacific region: a case study
Asia-Pacific region has
complex social and political environments, typified by competing and often conflicting priorities and motivations.
Every case in this region is unique
national context,
language and characteristics
(size, population, political systems, varied infrastructures and skills),
national traditional and cultural attitude, and
the people who participate, develop and use SDIs

20. Asia-Pacific Region and Regional SDI activities
Major difficulty
Lack of Coordination
different data structures
specifications and
standards
Formation of PCGIAP, 1994
Vision for APSDI
SDI Conceptual Model
Institutional framework, Technical standards,
Fundamental datasets, and Access networks

21. Current Progress of PCGIAP and APSDI development
PCGIAP successfully implemented
a regional precise geodesy network,
defined a regional geodesy datum,
developed and approved a policy on sharing fundamental data, developed guidelines on custodianship, and the definition of
APSDI.
Other projects
Asia-Pacific Regional Geodetic Project (APRGP)
Administrative Boundaries pilot project and specification
APSDI Data Node
Clearinghouse Project
(PCGIAP-website 2001)

22. Other Issues involved in the Progress
Low rate of participation in PCGIAP activities,
The organisational structure of PCGIAP,
Member nations are represented on the Permanent Committee by directorates of national survey and mapping organisations and or equivalent national agencies.
The APSDI conceptual model

23. Some Reasons for the Limited Support
Lack of awareness of the value of SDIs;
Defining the SDI;
The incompatibility of the current conceptual and organisational model with the perceived needs of users; and
The complexity of different issues such as
diverse political, cultural and economical positions of members.

24. Some Reasons for the Limited Support
Based on the participation rate, Regional SDI remains an innovative concept among member nations.
The theories of innovation diffusion will provide a useful framework for the study of Regional SDI development.

25. Diffusion Theory
Diffusion is a process by which an innovation is communicated through certain channels over time among the members of a social system.
(Rogers 1983)

26. Organisational Innovation Process Model
(adapted from Rogers 1995)
Routinizing
Agenda-setting
Matching
Redefining/
Restructuring
Initiation
Implementation
Decision
Clarifying
General organisational problems that may create a perceived need for innovation.
Fitting a
problem from
the organisation’s agenda with an innovation.
The innovation is modified and re-invented to fit the organisation, and organisational structures are altered.
The relationship between the organisation and the innovation is defined more clearly.
The innovation becomes an ongoing element in the organisation’s activities, and loses its identify.

27. Current Approach by PCGIAP
Agenda-setting
Matching
Initiation
Decision
Current
conceptual model of Regional SDI 1 3 2
Current approach for Regional SDI development
1 -Innovation, 2- Communication channel, 3- Time

28. Suggested Approach for the Research
Agenda-setting
Matching
Initiation
Decision
Social system 4
Current conceptual model of Regional SDI 1 3 2
Border of Social System
Extended conceptual model
1- Innovation, 2- communication channel, 3- time, 4- social system

29. Influencing Factors for an SDI Development Environmental Factors
External Factors
Internal Factors
Political
Development Issues
Cultural
Environmental Factors

30. Environmental Factors
Globalisation
Asia-Pacific Region
Political Climate
Regional Organisations
Regional Governments
Technological Pressure
APSDI
Development
Market Pressure
Global Economic
Other External Factors
Other Internal Factors
Regional Security
Financial Stability
Economic Conditions
Organisational Structure of Coordinating Agency
Border of Social System
Global SDI Initiative
External Factor
Internal Factor

31. Influencing Factors for an SDI Development
Political
Development Issues
Cultural
Environmental Factors
Technology
Economic
Partnerships
Human Factors
Capacity Factors
Participation
Policies
Protection & Security
Conceptual
SDI Organisation Factors

32. Recommendations Factors Participation Environmental Factors
Organisational Restructure
Redesign Future Strategy
Based on Social System
Capacity Factors
Participation
Modify SDI Conceptual Model
SDI Organisation Factors
Adopt Process-based Model

33. Regional SDI is a voluntary-base initiative in nature;
Conclusion
The development of a Regional SDI is much more challenging than the development of a National SDI initiative within a nation.
Regional SDI is a voluntary-base initiative in nature;
At the higher levels of SDIs:
more coordination than implementation.

34. Similar Organisational Structure Pyramid
Conclusion
Similar Organisational Structure Pyramid
Process-Based Model
Global SDI
Regional SDI
National SDI
State SDI
Local SDI
Corporate SDI
SDI Hierarchy
Strategic Management
Functional
National SDI
Product-Based Model
Operational

35. Thank you