1. INTERNATIONAL Solutions for soil, plant & meteorology www.ictinternational.com.au Plant Water Use and “Behaviour” INTERNATIONAL Michael Forster PhD (UNSW) Plant and Soil Scientist

2. INTERNATIONAL Solutions for soil, plant & meteorology www.ictinternational.com.au Tree Water Use Total Tree Water Use Hydraulic Redistribution – Soil – Stem – Leaf Water Potential Gradients

3. INTERNATIONAL Solutions for soil, plant & meteorology www.ictinternational.com.au Definition Water Potential: – Free energy associated with water – Free energy is the potential to do work – Water moves from higher to lower potentials – Water moves from mountains to ocean

4. INTERNATIONAL Solutions for soil, plant & meteorology www.ictinternational.com.au Definition Water Potential Units of Measurement: J/kgMPaBarsRH -0.001-0.010.999993 -10-0.01-0.10.999926 Field Capacity-33-0.033-0.330.999756 -100-0.10.999261 -1000-100.992638 Wilting Point-1500-1.5-150.988977 -10000-10-1000.928772 Air Dry-100000-100-10000.477632 Oven Dry-1000000-1000-100000.000618 High Potential Low Potential

5. INTERNATIONAL Solutions for soil, plant & meteorology www.ictinternational.com.au Soil-Plant-Atmosphere Continuum Soil = -0.33 Bar Trunk = -0.8 Bar Leaf cell = -1.0 Bar Leaf air = -7.0 Bar Atmosphere = -100 Bar High Potential Low Potential

6. INTERNATIONAL Solutions for soil, plant & meteorology www.ictinternational.com.au Measuring Tree Water Use Heat Ratio Method (HRM) Heat Field Deformation (HFD)

7. INTERNATIONAL Solutions for soil, plant & meteorology www.ictinternational.com.au Measuring Tree Water Use

8. INTERNATIONAL Solutions for soil, plant & meteorology www.ictinternational.com.au HRM Technique

9. INTERNATIONAL Solutions for soil, plant & meteorology www.ictinternational.com.au HRM Technique

10. INTERNATIONAL Solutions for soil, plant & meteorology www.ictinternational.com.au Example HRM Data Time Sap Velocity (cm per hour) Data downloaded into Sap Flow Tool software: www.sapflowtool.com For analysis and visual presentation Warm weather Nocturnal Sap Flow Cool Weather Diurnal Sap Flow Rain event

11. INTERNATIONAL Solutions for soil, plant & meteorology www.ictinternational.com.au Case Study: Stem Hydraulic Redistribution Image from Nadezhdina et al. 2009

12. INTERNATIONAL Solutions for soil, plant & meteorology www.ictinternational.com.au Case Study: Stem Hydraulic Redistribution Root Sap Flow Black Line: Northern Grey Line: Southern Image from Nadezhdina et al. 2009

13. INTERNATIONAL Solutions for soil, plant & meteorology www.ictinternational.com.au Case Study: Stem Hydraulic Redistribution Stem Sap Flow Black Line: Northern Grey Line: Southern Image from Nadezhdina et al. 2009

14. INTERNATIONAL Solutions for soil, plant & meteorology www.ictinternational.com.au Image from Nadezhdina et al. 2009 Case Study: Stem Hydraulic Redistribution

15. INTERNATIONAL Solutions for soil, plant & meteorology www.ictinternational.com.au More Case Studies: Hydraulic Redistribution Please refer to Conference Proceedings Leaf Mediated Hydraulic Redistribution Root Mediated Hydraulic Redistribution

16. INTERNATIONAL Solutions for soil, plant & meteorology www.ictinternational.com.au Total Tree Water Use Case Study: Trees as “Biopumps” Antamina Mine Largest mine in Peru US$ 2.26bn investment Copper & Zinc Located 4,300m a.s.l.

17. INTERNATIONAL Solutions for soil, plant & meteorology www.ictinternational.com.au Copper & Zinc transported via gravity and water to sea port Filters separate solids from water What to do with all the water??? Total Tree Water Use Case Study: Trees as “Biopumps”

18. INTERNATIONAL Solutions for soil, plant & meteorology www.ictinternational.com.au 174 acre afforestation 190,000 trees Several species Trees as Biopumps Mine production dependent on Biopumps Total Tree Water Use Case Study: Trees as “Biopumps”

19. INTERNATIONAL Solutions for soil, plant & meteorology www.ictinternational.com.au Total Tree Water Use Case Study: Trees as “Biopumps”

20. INTERNATIONAL Solutions for soil, plant & meteorology www.ictinternational.com.au Results from 6 months of sampling Acacia: 3,200 litres Tamarix: 1,500 litres Algorrobo: 600 litres Total Tree Water Use Case Study: Trees as “Biopumps”

21. INTERNATIONAL Solutions for soil, plant & meteorology www.ictinternational.com.au More Case Studies: Total Tree Water Use Please refer to Conference Proceedings Northern United Forestry Group: Kamarooka Project

22. INTERNATIONAL Solutions for soil, plant & meteorology www.ictinternational.com.au ICT International Pty Ltd Solutions for soil, plant and environmental research www.ictinternational.com.au sales@ictinternational.com.au Phone:61 2 6772 6770 Fax:61 2 6772 7616 PO Box 503, Armidale, NSW, Australia, 2350 INTERNATIONAL