2. I. Principles of Genetics
A. HEREDITY
B. Origin of Genetic
C. Mendel’s Experiment
D. Mendel’s Results
a. Dominant
b. Recessive
E. Mendel’s Hypothesis
a. Gene Segregation
b. Punnett Squares
F. Terminology
a. Allele
b. Genotype
c. Phenotype
d. Homozygous
e. Heterozygous
G. Simple Monohybrid Crosses
H. Dihybrid Cross : Principle of Independent Assortment

3. A. HEREDITY: Passing of Traits from parents to offspring
I. Principles of Genetics
A. HEREDITY: Passing of Traits from parents to offspring
B. Origin of Genetic
Personal:
1822 – 1884 (Jan. 6th)
Education:
Monastery in Czechoslovakia
University of Vienna
Research:
Pea Plants
Seven Different Traits
Used Mathematics to Solve
1866 Published Results
Rediscovered in 1900’s
GREGOR MENDEL

4. I. Principles of Genetics
A. HEREDITY
B. Origin of Genetic
C. Mendel’s Experiment
Pea Plant
- easy to grow
- produce lg. # offspring
- short growing season
- picked seven traits

5. I. Principles of Genetics
A. HEREDITY
B. Origin of Genetic
C. Mendel’s Experiment
a. Self Pollination
b. Cross Pollination
c. Generations
P Gen
F1 Gen
F2 Gen
D. Mendel’s Results
a. DOMINANT
b. recessive

6. I. Principles of Genetics A. HEREDITY
B. Origin of Genetic
C. Mendel’s Experiment
D. Mendel’s Results
E. Mendel’s Hypothesis
- There are alternative forms of genes, called alleles.
– For each trait, an organism inherits two alleles, one from each parent.
– Alleles can be dominant or recessive.
– Gametes carry only one allele for each inherited trait.
GENE SEGREGATION
The two member of an allele pair segregate from each other during the production of gametes.

7. I. Principles of Genetics A. HEREDITY
B. Origin of Genetic
C. Mendel’s Experiment
D. Mendel’s Results
E. Mendel’s Hypothesis
GENE SEGREGATION
PUNNETT SQUARE
- chart
- prediction
- gametes outside
- offspring inside

8. b. Genotype vs Phenotype c. Homozygous vs Heterozygous
I. Principles of Genetics
A. HEREDITY
B. Origin of Genetic
C. Mendel’s Experiment
D. Mendel’s Results
E. Mendel’s Hypothesis
F. Terminology
a. Gene vs. Allele
b. Genotype vs Phenotype
c. Homozygous vs Heterozygous

9. In rabbits the allele for black coat color (B) is dominant over the allele for brown coat color (b).  What is the genotypic ratio and phenotypic ratio be for a cross between a homozygous black rabbit and homozygous brown rabbit?

10. White (W) hair in sheep is caused by the dominant gene while black (w) hair is recessive.  A heterozygous white male and a black female are parents of a black lamb.  What is the probability that their next lamb will be white?  What are the genotypic and phenotypic ratios?

11. In humans, polydactyly (an extra finger on each hand or toe on each foot) is due to a dominant gene.  When one parent is polydactylous, but heterozygous, and the other parent is normal, what are the genotypic and phenotypic ratios of their children? 

12. I. Principles of Genetics A. HEREDITY
B. Origin of Genetic
C. Mendel’s Experiment
D. Mendel’s Results
E. Mendel’s Hypothesis
F. Terminology
G. Simple Monohybrid Crosses
H. Dihybrid Cross: Principle of Independent Assortment
1. Crossing two traits at the same time
Round (R) is dominant to wrinkled (r)
Green (G) is dominant to yellow (g)
Homozygous round yellow pea plant is crossed with wrinkled homozygous green pea plant, what are the possible genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring.
Parents ____________________ x __________________________
Possible
Gametes

13. Genotype:
Phenotype:

14. I. Principles of Genetics A. HEREDITY
B. Origin of Genetic
C. Mendel’s Experiment
D. Mendel’s Results
E. Mendel’s Hypothesis
F. Terminology
G. Simple Monohybrid Crosses
H. Dihybrid Cross: Principle of Independent Assortment
1. Crossing two traits at the same time
Round (R) is dominant to wrinkled (r)
Green (G) is dominant to yellow (g)
Heterozygous round heterozygous green pea plant is crossed with Heterozygous round heterozygous green pea plant , what are the possible genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring.
Parents ____________________ x __________________________
Possible
Gametes

15. Genotype:
Phenotype:

16. Heterozygous round heterozygous green pea plant is crossed with Heterozygous round heterozygous green pea plant , what are the possible genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring.
Parents ____________________ x __________________________
Possible Gametes

17. I. Principles of Genetics
G. Simple Monohybrid Crosses: Principle of Gene Segregation
1. Alleles will separate during meiosis to make haploid gametes
H. Dihybrid Cross: Principle of Independent Assortment
1. If the genes are on different chromosomes they move independently of one another during meiosis.

18. Genetic Corn LAB
Purple (RR) is dominant to yellow (rr)
Smooth (Su) is dominant to wrinkled (su)
HYPOTHESIS
Monohybrid: P Gen. Homozygous Purple x Homozygous Purple
F1 Gen.
F2 Gen.
Dihybrid: P Gen Homozygous Purple x Homozygous Purple

22. Corn Kernels for F2 Generations in Monohybrid Cross of a Purple and Yellow Corn Plant
Group
Purple Kernels
Yellow Kernels
Total Kernels 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Totals
Convert to Percents

23. Purple and Smooth Kernels Purple and Wrinkled Kernels
Corn Kernels for F2 Generations in Dihybrid Cross of a Purple, Smooth and Yellow, Wrinkled Corn Plant
Group
Purple and Smooth Kernels
Purple and Wrinkled Kernels
Yellow and Smooth Kernels
Yellow and Wrinkled Kernels
Total Kernels 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Totals
Convert to Percents

24. II. Solving Genetic Problems
I. Principles of Genetics
A. HEREDITY
B. Origin of Genetic
C. Mendel’s Experiment
D. Mendel’s Results
E. Mendel’s Hypothesis
F. Terminology
G. Simple Monohybrid Crosses
H. Dihybrid Cross: Principle of Independent Assortment
II. Solving Genetic Problems
A. Probability and Genetics: already covered
B. Incomplete Dominance
C. Codominance
D. Multiple Alleles
1. Blood Types

25. II. Solving Genetic Problems A. Probability and Genetics
B. Incomplete Dominance
1. heterozygous is a
mix of the two alleles
2. no allele is dominant
or recessive so the
phenotype is a blend

26. II. Solving Genetic Problems A. Probability and Genetics
B. Incomplete Dominance
1. heterozygous is a mix of the two alleles
2. no allele is dominant or recessive so the phenotype is a blend
Red snapdragon is crossed with pink snapdragon, what are the possible genotypes and phenotypes?
Pink snapdragon is crossed with white snapdragon, what are the possible genotypes and phenotypes?

27. II. Solving Genetic Problems A. Probability and Genetics
B. Incomplete Dominance
1. heterozygous is a mix of the two alleles
2. no allele is dominant or recessive so the phenotype is a blend
HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA
HH = Hypercholesterol = High levels of Cholesterol
HN = Slight Higher Levels of Cholesterol
NN = Normal Levels of Cholesterol
Normal (LDL receptors) Mild Disease (Few LDL receptors) High – No LDL receptors

28. II. Solving Genetic Problems
A. Probability and Genetics: already covered
B. Incomplete Dominance
C. Codominance = two allele are dominant and both are expressed equally, they do not blend.
COWS:
BB = Black BW = Black and White WW = White
Cross a black male with a black and white female, determine the possible genotype and phenotypes for the offspring?

29. II. Solving Genetic Problems
A. Probability and Genetics: already covered
B. Incomplete Dominance
C. Codominance
D. Multiple Alleles
1. more than just two alleles
2. Examples: Coat Color in Chinchillas
Cross a Dark Gray Chinchilla (Cch) with a albino (cc) Chinchilla, what are the possible genotypes and phenotypes?

30. II. Solving Genetic Problems
A. Probability and Genetics: already covered
B. Incomplete Dominance
C. Codominance
D. Multiple Alleles
1. more than just two alleles
2. Examples: Coat Color in Chinchillas
Cross a Light Gray Chinchilla (cch ch) with a Himalayan (ch ch) Chinchilla, what are the possible genotypes and phenotypes?

31. BLOOD TYPES: both Codominance and Multiple Alleles
II. Solving Genetic Problems
A. Probability and Genetics: already covered
B. Incomplete Dominance
C. Codominance
D. Multiple Alleles
BLOOD TYPES: both Codominance and Multiple Alleles

32. BLOOD TYPES: both Codominance and Multiple Alleles
II. Solving Genetic Problems
A. Probability and Genetics: already covered
B. Incomplete Dominance
C. Codominance
D. Multiple Alleles
BLOOD TYPES: both Codominance and Multiple Alleles
Cross a man with blood type AB and a women with blood type O. What are the possible genotypes and phenotypes for the offspring?

33. BLOOD TYPES: both Codominance and Multiple Alleles
II. Solving Genetic Problems
A. Probability and Genetics: already covered
B. Incomplete Dominance
C. Codominance
D. Multiple Alleles
BLOOD TYPES: both Codominance and Multiple Alleles
Cross a man with blood type A and a women with blood typeB. What are the possible genotypes and phenotypes for the offspring?

34. III. The Chromosomal Theory of Heredity A. Mendel’s Work Rediscovered
I. Principles of Genetics
A. HEREDITY
B. Origin of Genetic
C. Mendel’s Experiment
D. Mendel’s Results
E. Mendel’s Hypothesis
F. Terminology
G. Simple Monohybrid Crosses
H. Dihybrid Cross: Principle of Independent Assortment
II. Solving Genetic Problems
A. Probability and Genetics: already covered
B. Incomplete Dominance
C. Codominance
D. Multiple Alleles
1. Blood Types
III. The Chromosomal Theory of Heredity
A. Mendel’s Work Rediscovered
B. Sex Determination
1. Autosomes
2. Sex-Chromosomes
C. Sex-Linked Inheritance
1. Thomas Hunt Morgan
D. Many Genes- One Effect
1. Continuous Variation
2. Multiple Genes
E. Expression of Genes

35. III. The Chromosomal Theory of Heredity
A. Mendel’s Work Rediscovered
1. Walter Sutton, in 1900’s
2. Determined genes were on chromosomes (one from each parent)
3. Chromosomal Theory of Heredity
a. chromosomes segregate during meiosis, like alleles
b. and that each chromosome has hundreds of genes

36. III. The Chromosomal Theory of Heredity A. Mendel’s Work Rediscovered
1. Walter Sutton, in 1900’s
2. Determined genes were on chromosomes (one from each parent)
3. Chromosomal Theory of Heredity
B. Sex Determination
1. Thomas Hunt Morgan
2. Worked with Fruit Fly (Drosophila)
a. 3 sets of autosomes
b. 1 set of sex-chromosomes

37. III. The Chromosomal Theory of Heredity A. Mendel’s Work Rediscovered
1. Walter Sutton, in 1900’s
2. Determined genes were on chromosomes (one from each parent)
3. Chromosomal Theory of Heredity
B. Sex Determination
C. Sex-Linked Traits (Thomas Hunt Morgan)
1. gene carries on sex chromosomes (typically the X)
2. Females have XX (can be carriers or heterozygous for a trait)
3. Males has XY, but nothing on the Yo,
a. so either dominant or recessive expressed
b. males express sex-linked traits more often than females
Cross a red-eyed female (XRXR) and a white-eyed male (XrYo) . What is the genotype and phenotype?

38. III. The Chromosomal Theory of Heredity A. Mendel’s Work Rediscovered
1. Walter Sutton, in 1900’s
2. Determined genes were on chromosomes (one from each parent)
3. Chromosomal Theory of Heredity
B. Sex Determination
C. Sex-Linked Traits (Thomas Hunt Morgan)
1. gene carries on sex chromosomes (typically the X)
2. Females have XX (can be carriers or heterozygous for a trait)
3. Males has XY, but nothing on the Yo,
a. so either dominant or recessive expressed
b. males express sex-linked traits more often than females
Cross a heterozygous red-eyed female (XRXr) and a white-eyed male (XrYo), What is the genotype and phenotype ?

39. III. The Chromosomal Theory of Heredity A. Mendel’s Work Rediscovered
1. Walter Sutton, in 1900’s
2. Determined genes were on chromosomes (one from each parent)
3. Chromosomal Theory of Heredity
B. Sex Determination
C. Sex-Linked Traits (Thomas Hunt Morgan)
1. gene carries on sex chromosomes (typically the X)
2. Females have XX (can be carriers or heterozygous for a trait)
3. Males has XY, but nothing on the Yo,
a. so either dominant or recessive expressed
b. males express sex-linked traits more often than females
Cross a white-eyed female (XrXr) and a red-eyed male (XRYo), What is the genotype and phenotype ?

40. c. Duchene muscular dystrophy d. Fragile X syndrome
III. The Chromosomal Theory of Heredity
A. Mendel’s Work Rediscovered
1. Walter Sutton, in 1900’s
2. Determined genes were on chromosomes (one from each parent)
3. Chromosomal Theory of Heredity
B. Sex Determination
C. Sex-Linked Traits (Thomas Hunt Morgan)
1. gene carries on sex chromosomes (typically the X)
2. Females have XX (can be carriers or heterozygous for a trait)
3. Males has XY, but nothing on the Yo,
a. so either dominant or recessive expressed
b. males express sex-linked traits more often than females
4. HUMAN Sex-Linked Traits
a. colorblindness
b. hemophilia
c. Duchene muscular dystrophy
d. Fragile X syndrome

45. D. Many Genes- One Effect 1. Continuous Variation or Polygenics
III. The Chromosomal Theory of Heredity
A. Mendel’s Work Rediscovered
B. Sex Determination
1. Autosomes
2. Sex-Chromosomes
C. Sex-Linked Inheritance
1. Thomas Hunt Morgan
D. Many Genes- One Effect
1. Continuous Variation or Polygenics
-presence of many phenotypes from on extreme to another
EXAMPLES
-height
-skin color

46. other gene = other levels of melanin = hazel, gray, green
III. The Chromosomal Theory of Heredity
A. Mendel’s Work Rediscovered
B. Sex Determination
1. Autosomes
2. Sex-Chromosomes
C. Sex-Linked Inheritance
1. Thomas Hunt Morgan
D. Many Genes- One Effect
1. Continuous Variation
2. Multiple Genes
E. Expression of Genes
1. Modifier Genes = genes interact with other genes to control various patterns of inheritance.
Human Eye Color:
B = brown
b = blue
other gene = other levels of melanin
= hazel, gray, green
2. Environment = sometimes environmental factors influence genes
Reptiles = temp effect sex of offspring
Phenotypes are hard to predict because expression of genes is effected by many different factors.

47. I. Principles of Genetics
A. HEREDITY
B. Origin of Genetic
C. Mendel’s Experiment
D. Mendel’s Results
E. Mendel’s Hypothesis
F. Terminology
G. Simple Monohybrid Crosses
H. Dihybrid Cross: Principle of Independent Assortment
II. Solving Genetic Problems
A. Probability and Genetics: already covered
B. Incomplete Dominance
C. Codominance
D. Multiple Alleles
III. The Chromosomal Theory of Heredity
A. Mendel’s Work Rediscovered
B. Sex Determination
C. Sex-Linked Inheritance
D. Many Genes- One Effect
E. Expression of Genes

48. I. Human Genetic Disorders Cystic Fibrosis (Autosomal recessive)
CHAPTER 8
I. Principles of Genetics
II. Solving Genetic Problems
III. The Chromosomal Theory of Heredity
This is it for Chapter 8, but we will also cover chapter 11 on this test.
I. Human Genetic Disorders
Cystic Fibrosis (Autosomal recessive)
Huntington’s Disease (Autosomal Dominant)
Sickle-Cell Anemia (Autosomal Codominant)
Sex-Linked Disorders
II. Prevention and Possible Cures
A. Genetic Counseling
B. Diagnosis in Uterus
C. Gene Therapy

49. Chapter 11
I. Human Genetic Disorders
Cystic Fibrosis (Autosomal recessive)
1. Symptoms
2. Cause
3. Treatment
4. Other Autosomal recessive disorders
a. Tay Sachs
b. PKU- Phenylketonuria
c. Albinism

50. I. Human Genetic Disorders Cystic Fibrosis (Autosomal recessive)
Chapter 11
I. Human Genetic Disorders
Cystic Fibrosis (Autosomal recessive)
Huntington’s Disease (Autosomal Dominant)
1. Pedigree
2. Knowing the Future

51. I. Human Genetic Disorders Cystic Fibrosis (Autosomal recessive)
Chapter 11
I. Human Genetic Disorders
Cystic Fibrosis (Autosomal recessive)
Huntington’s Disease (Autosomal Dominant)
3. Other Autosomal Dominant Disorders
a. achondroplasia (dwarfism)
b. 15 year girls

52. Chapter 11
I. Human Genetic Disorders
Cystic Fibrosis (Autosomal recessive)
Huntington’s Disease (Autosomal Dominant)
Sickle-Cell Anemia (Co dominant)

53. I. Human Genetic Disorders
Chapter 11
I. Human Genetic Disorders
Cystic Fibrosis (Autosomal recessive)
Huntington’s Disease (Autosomal Dominant)
Sickle-Cell Anemia (Co dominant)
Sex-Linked Disorder
Colorblind
Hemophilia

54. II. Prevention and Possible Cures A. Genetic Counseling
Chapter 11
Human Genetic Disorders
II. Prevention and Possible Cures
A. Genetic Counseling
B. Diagnosis in Uterus
1. Amniocentesis
2. Chorionic Villus Biopsy
3. Ultrasonography
4. Fetoscopy

55. II. Prevention and Possible Cures A. Genetic Counseling
Chapter 11
Human Genetic Disorders
II. Prevention and Possible Cures
A. Genetic Counseling
B. Diagnosis in Uterus
C. Gene Therapy

56. I. Human Genetic Disorders Cystic Fibrosis (Autosomal recessive)
CHAPTER 8
I. Principles of Genetics
II. Solving Genetic Problems
III. The Chromosomal Theory of Heredity
Chapter 11
I. Human Genetic Disorders
Cystic Fibrosis (Autosomal recessive)
Huntington’s Disease (Autosomal Dominant)
Sickle-Cell Anemia (Autosomal Codominant)
Sex-Linked Disorders
II. Prevention and Possible Cures
A. Genetic Counseling
B. Diagnosis in Uterus
C. Gene Therapy