1. Climate Inclusive Disaster Risk Reduction
Tri Dewi Virgiyanti
Deputy Director For Environmental Pollution And Degradation Control
Ministry of National Development Planning (BAPPENAS)
Workshop on Community-based Disaster Risk Management in Response to Climate Change
Ho Chi Minh, September 2015

2. Outline HYDRO-METEOROLOGICAL DISASTER IN INDONESIA
ROLE OF NATIONAL ACTION PLAN ON CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION (RAN API) IN DEVELOPMENT PLANNING
CONVERGENCES CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND DISASTER RISK REDUCTION
CLOSING REMARKS
LESSON-LEARNED ON DISASTER RELIEF AND DRR STRATEGY

3. HYDRO-METEOROLOGICAL DISASTER IN INDONESIA

4. Geographic and Socio-economic Characteristics of Indonesia Place the Country in A Vulnerable Position to Climate Change Impact
Archipelagic country with mountainous profile and long coastline
Monsoon that affecting annual rainfall trend
Located in equatorial line and has a tropical climate
High population number that concentrated in urban area
Poverty level and local culture highly affecting the community’s adaptive capacity
Faktor Geografis:
1. Bergunung dan garis pantai yang panjang; satu daerah bisa memiliki rentang topografi yang ekstrim
2. Indonesia merupakan negara tropis kepulauan, kombinasi kepadatan penduduk yang tinggi dengan panjang garis pantai hingga km dan pulau, sangat berpotensi mengalami dampak-dampak perubahan iklim. Sekitar 42 juta penduduk tinggal di kawasan dengan ketinggian kurang dari 10 m diatas rata-rata permukaan laut.
3. Luas perairan yang mencapai 2/3 area indonesia menyebabkan kelembaban yang tinggi; kelembaban di musim kemarau berkisar antara 70-80%
4. Berlokasi di daerah tropis dan dilalui oleh garis khatulistiwa disinari matahari sepanjang tahun sehingga berpengaruh terhadap suhu rata2 yg relatif tinggi
5. Iklim Indonesia dipengaruhi oleh angin muson
Sosial-ekonomi:
1. Sensus penduduk di tahun 2010 menunjukkan bahwa penduduk Indonesia di tahun 2010 mencapai 237,6 juta jiwa.
2. Data Kementerian Dalam Negeri menunjukan laju urbanisasi yang cukup signifikan selama tiga dekade terakhir, pada 1995 hanya 40 persen penduduk yang bermukim di kota, sedangkan pada 2010, jumlah ini meningkat menjadi 52 persen. Bappenas memperkirakan bahwa pada tahun 2025, 65% dari total populasi di Indonesia akan bermukim di perkotaan
3. Data TNP2K menunjukkan bahwa tingkat kemiskinan di Indonesia adalah sebesar 12,49% pada tahun 2011  tingkat kemiskinan mempengaruhi kemampuan masyarakat untuk beradaptasi. Kebudayaan dan kepercayaan yang dianut oleh suatu kelompok masyarakat mempengaruhi jenis-jenis tindakan adaptasi yang akan mereka implementasikan
4. Contoh kasus: Kota Semarang dari tahun ke tahun berkembang ke arah area yang diprediksi akan tergenang; permukiman dan pusat perekonomian Kota Semarang cenderung bergerak ke arah timur dan utara
Residential development pattern often move towards climate disaster-prone area
Climate change context has not been integrated optimally into development plan
(Eg: spatial planning still disregarding climate change impact in an area)

5. Climate-related Disaster and Development
In the past decade, Majority of disaster event in Indonesia is hydrometeorological disaster
Climate change is predicted as will cause a 6.7% drop of GDP in 4 South East Asia countries in 2100 (ADB, 2013)
In 2025, around 31% of global income will be based in countries facing high or extreme risks from climate change impact; where Indonesia is amongst the high risk countries (Maplecroft, 2013).
Berdasarkan kajian yang dilakukan oleh Asian Development Bank (ADB), perubahan iklim diprediksi akan mengakibatkan empat Negara di kawasan Asia tenggara (Indonesia, Filipina, Thailand dan Vietnam) mengalami kerugian sebesar 6.7% dari GDP per tahunnya pada tahun 2100, nilai ini lebih dari dua kali lipat rerata global.
Data dari Stern Review (2006) menunjukan bahwa biaya untuk menanggulangi perubahan iklim apabila dilakukan saat ini akan berkisar pada nilai 1-2% dari GDP global; namun penundaan untuk bertindak akan berdampak pada membengkaknya biaya tersebut akan membengkak hingga mencapai kisaran 5-20% dari global GDP
Kajian tahunan keenam dari Maplecroft (sebuah konsultan Risiko) yang berjudul Climate Change and Environmental Risk Atlas terhadap 193 negara menyatakan bahwa pada kisaran tahun 2025, sekitar sepertiga penghasilan global (31%) akan mendapatkan dampak ekonomi sebagai akibat dari perubahan iklim. Kisaran tersebut sebanding dengan USD 44 triliun yang bersumber dari Negara-negara yang diklasifikasikan sebagai negara yang paling berisiko (ekstrem hingga sangat tinggi) terkena dampak perubahan iklim Indonesia termasuk negara yang dikategorikan sebagai berisiko tinggi
Tahun % ada bencana hidrometeorologi, tahun sekitar 92,1 %
Losses from Jakarta flooding in 2002 and reaches 1,5 trillion and 2 trillion IDR consecutively (Bappenas, 2007)
Between , rice production experience annual losses of around tonnes/regency. It is predicted by 2050, there will be a dry rice deficit that reaches 60 million tonnes (Boer, 2003)

6. Translating Vulnerability and Risk into Actions
Drives the need to develop
a. Kajian kerentanan yang dikeluarkan oleh SIDA menunjukkan bahwa wilayah Indonesia yang rentan ada di bagian barat dan selatan sumatera, barat dan timur jawa, sebagian besar wilayah bali, nusa tenggara dan papua, kalimantan bagian utara dan sulawesi bagian utara
b. Jakarta dikategorikan sebagai daerah paling rentan di wilayah Asia Tenggara. Jakarta Utara menjadi bagian Jakarta yang paling rentan, terlepas dari tingkatan kapasitas adaptifnya yang tergolong paling tinggi. Area tersebut rentan dikarenakan kejadian banjir yang terjadi di wilayah dengan kepadatan penduduk tinggi. Hal yagn sama teridentifikasi di wilayah barat Jawa yang dikategorikan rentan, karena ancaman dari banjir dan tanah longsor yang dikombinasikan dengan faktor kepadatan penduduk
c. Berangkat dari kenyataan kerentanan wilayah serta ancaman yang berpotensi terjadi, Pemerintah Indonesia berkomitmen untuk mengambil langkah penanggulangan dampak perubahan iklim. Indonesia memang bukan termasuk ke dalam negara Least Developed Countries yang diarahkan untuk memiliki National Adaptation Plan (NAP); tetapi menyadari fakta kerentanan dan ancaman yang ada, maka pemerintah indonesia meyadari kebutuhan untuk memiliki suatu dokumen arahan nasional untuk aksi adaptasinya. Perumusan dan launching dokumen ini menjadi wujud komitmen Pemerintah Indonesia dalam menanggulangi dampak perubahan iklim
7 cities and regencies in Indonesia categorised as the Top 10 highly vulnerable area to climate change; where Jakarta comes out as the top most vulnerable region (SIDA, 2009)

7. Number of Hydro-meteorogical disaster in RAN API pilot site

8. CONVERGENCES CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION (CCA) AND DISASTER RISK REDUCTION (DRR)

9. Convergence CCA – DRR (Adopted Mitchell and Van Aalst, 2008)
Climate Change Adaptation
(Long term actions plan to respond of climate change impact)
Disaster Risk Reduction
(Risk Management based on Risk Assessment and Historical Data)
Risk Management related to hydro-meteorological disaster to response of climate projection
i.e. flood, drought, landslide, extreme wave and abrasion and extreme event

10. Management of CCA and DRR in Indonesia
Regulation
Institutional
Planning
CCA
UU 32/2009
BAPPENAS, KLHK, BPBD
National Action Plan of Climate Change Adaptation (RAN API)
DRR
UU 24/2007
BNPB, BPBD
National Action Plan on Disaster (RENAS PB)

11. Overview of Implementation CCA – DRR in Indonesia
Supporting Implementation
Actor/Forum
Research Methodology
System of Data and Information
CCA
Task Force of Adapation
Various Method on Climate Risk and Adaptation Assessment
Monev of RAN API and SIDIK
DRR
National Platform on Disaster Risk Reduction
PERKA 02/2012 of General Guideline for Risk Assessment
DIBI and Disaster Risk Index

12. ROLE OF NATIONAL ACTION PLAN ON CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION (RAN-API) IN DEVELOPMENT PLANNING SYSTEM

13. How Indonesia Move Towards National Action Plan for Climate Change Adaptation (RAN-API)
RKP 2010
RKP 2011
ACCELERATION OF JUST ECONOMIC GROWTH SUPPORTED BY STRENGTHENING GOVERNANCE AND LOCAL-CENTRAL SYNERGY
RKP 2012
RKP 2013
RKP 2014
RPJMN 1
Bureaucracy and Governance Reform 2
Education 3
Health 4
Poverty Eradication 5 6
Infrastructure 7
Investment Climate 8
Energy 9
Environment and Disaster Management 10
Disadvantaged, Forefront, Outer and Post-conflict Regions 11
Culture, Creativity an Technological Innovation 12 13 14
Food Security
RECOVERY OF NATIONAL ECONOMIC AND SUSTAINING PEOPLE WELFARE
“EXPANSION AND ACCELERATION OF JUST AND INCLUSIVE ECONOMIC GROWTH FOR THE IMPROVEMENT OF PEOPLE WELFARE”
STRENGTHENING DOMESTIC ECONOMY FOR THE IMPROVEMENT AND EXPANSION OF PEOPLE WELFARE
STRENGTHENING OF NATIONAL ECONOMY TO IMPROVE JUST PEOPLE WELFARE
Politics, Law and Security
Economic
People Welfare
Perjalanan menuju terbentuknya RAN API diawali sejak 4 tahun yang lalu, dengan melalui berbagai proses termasuk penginklusiannya ke dalam dokumen pembangunan tahunan pemerintah pusat, akhirnya RAN API bisa diluncurkan pada awal tahun Namun mengingat RPJMN periode Presiden SBY akan selesai di tahun ini, maka penginklusian RAN API akan dimasukkan ke dalam RPJMN periode Presiden Terpilih Joko Widodo
Pada RPJMN 2014, isu adaptasi sudah masuk di program lintas bidang serta di sektor2 prioritas seperti pertanian, kelautan dan perikanan, pesisir, infrastruktur dan kesehatan; dan juga sektor pendukung (data, informasi dan komunikasi, kapasitas kelembagaan, riset dan teknologi ).
Sustainable Development Mainstreaming
Cross-sectoral Program: Climate Change
PERPRES 61/2011 RAN GRK
PERPRES 71/2011 GHG INVENTORY
Adaptation Strategy
Initial Development of RAN-API
Consultation and socialization of RAN-API
RAN API Launching and Pilot Location

14. General Framework of RAN-API
MAIN GOAL
CLIMATE CHANGE-ADAPTIVE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
ECONOMIC RESILIENCE
LIVING SYSTEM RESILIENCE
ECOSYSTEM RESILIENCE
SUPPORTING SYSTEM
SPECIFIC REGION RESILIENCE
Target
Knowledge Management, Planning and Finance/Budgeting, Capacity Development, Monitoring and Evaluation

15. Sector and Sub-sector of RAN API
Economic Resilience
Food Security
Energy Independence
Living System Resilience
Health
Housing
Infrastructure
Ecosystem Resilience
Ecosystem and Biodiversity
Specific Region Resilience
Urban
Coastal and Small Islands
Supporting System
Data and Information
Capacity Building
Research and Development

16. National Development Plan Document (Non-Spatial)
Future of CCA and RAN API in relation to National Development Planning System
National Development Plan Document (Non-Spatial)
Inclusion to
Progress
to date
Included in the Technocratic Draft of RPJMN as part of Cross-sectoral Program
Menunjukkan kedudukan dan keterkaitan RAN API di dalam sistem perencanaan pembangunan nasional, serta mengapa RAN API perlu dimasukkan ke dalam RPJMN. Juga menjelaskan bagaimana RPJMN menjadi arahan bagi RPJMD.

17. Responsibilities BNPB in RAN-API (example…)
Activities
Indicator
Programs/Activities in RKP
SECTOR LIVING SYSTEM RESILIENCE
Sub-Sector Housing
Cluster 3. Community Empowerment
Increased participation and community capacity in disaster risk reduction as a result of climate change in vulnerable residential area, etc.
Community involvement in the planning process of adaptation to climate change
The increasing commitment to disaster management actors due to climate change
Disaster Management Program/Community Empowerment
Technical Management and Implementation Support of other Technical Task of BNPB
Activities
Indikator
Programs/Activities in RKP
SECTOR LIVING SYSTEM RESILIENCE
Sub-Sector Infrastructure
Cluster 6. Increased infrastructure support system adaptation to climate change
Development of information systems that are reliable response to climate change and cross-cutting issues
Collected and drafting documents containing data and information for disaster risk due to climate change
The achievement of information about climate change to the public and local institutions
Disaster Relief Program / Application Development Information and Communication Technology for Risk Reduction and Mitigation of Natural Disasters
SECTOR ECOSYSTEM RESILIENCE
Cluster 6. Development of Information and Communication System
Stabilization, maintenance and updating of information and communication systems for monitoring the quality of the ecosystem
The application of information and communication systems for early warning to control the quality of environmental services (eg, forest cover), floods and landslides, forest fires, extreme waves and extreme weather that is easily accessible to the public
Program Disaster Management / Disaster Preparedness

18. Role of BNPB in Cross-Sectoral Policy of Climate ChangeNO
Priority Activities
INDICATOR
WAY FORWARD
2015
2016
2017
2018
UNIT 1
Disaster preparedness
Number of preparedness activities 2 3 4
Reports
Number of contingency plans 14 15 16
Documents
Number of extension materials preparedness 5
Number of preparedness guidelines for early warning systems
Guidelines
Application development information and communication technology for risk reduction and mitigation of natural disasters
The number of activities on disaster communication forum
Activities
Number of technical guidance data and disaster information
The number of documents disaster baseline data Indonesia
Document
Prevention and disaster risk reduction
Number facilitation of disaster risk reduction 50 55 60
Locations
Number of socialization of disaster risk reduction 12
Number of guidelines for disaster risk reduction
Strategic thematic maps to support national priorities
Map Sheet Number Amount (NLP) Thematic priorities related to national development 56
NLP

19. Lesson-learned on disaster relief and DRR strategy: Aceh - Nias

20. GOI POLICIES AND STRATEGIES FOR DRR
Encourage and cultivate a culture of disaster awareness
Socialization and dissemination of DRR to the communities
Provision and dissemination of disaster information to the public
Conducting disaster training regularly and continuously
Strengthening partnership with various stakeholders
Improving the quality of life of peoples at disaster affected areas
Environmental management in disaster prone areas
Fostering local knowledge in disaster mitigation
Integrated DRR into national and local development plan
Disaster risk assessment and monitoring
Incorporated risk assessment and risk map into local development plan and spatial plan;
Harmonization of policies and regulations in the disaster management
Preparation of contingency plans at the district/city level
Strengthening institutional capacity and apparatus
Provision of disaster early warning system
Development and utilization of science and technology and education for DRR
simulation and disaster preparedness drills
Provision of infrastructure for disaster mitigation and preparedness
Increase the capacity for logistics management and distribution
Reducing disaster risk index in the growth center which high risk to disaster.
Internalization of DRR within sustainable development framework at national and local level
Reducing the vulnerability to disaster
Strengthening the capacity of central government, local government and communities
Strategy
Goal
Reducing economic losses
Strengthening the capacity of central government, local government and communities to deal with disaster
Policy

21. Disaster Risk Reduction
National Policy for
Disaster Risk Reduction
Changing paradigm in DM:
Responsive  Preventive
Sectoral  Multi-sectoral
Government initiative Shared-responsibility
Centralized  Decentralized
Mitigation  Disaster risk reduction
National and Local Plan for DM
National and Local Action Plan for DRR
Funding Arrangement for DM:
National Budget, Local Budget, Private sectors and/or community, International Donors and NGOs
Law No. 24 / 2007 on DM
Gov. Reg on DRR Arrangement
Gov. Reg on DRR Financing
Gov. Reg on DRR External Supports
Presidential Regulation on the establishment of National Disaster Management Agency (BNPB)
Ministry of Home Affairs Decree on the establishment of Local Disaster Management Agency (BPBD)
468 Local Disaster Management Agencies established until August 2015

22. Lesson-learned from Post-Disaster Recovery in Aceh-Nias
In 2004, a massive tsunami devastated 800 kilometers of coastline in the Indonesian province of Aceh. More than 170,000 people went missing or dead and more than hundreds of thousands of homes, buildings, roads and bridges were destroyed. Another great earthquake hit the islands of Nias on March Consequently, the local government function was collapsed by this massive impact of tsunami.
The central government set up BRR (Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Board) to convey the process of rehabilitation and reconstruction. During the rehabilitation and reconstruction phase in , approximately 120,000 permanent houses were built using financial scheme mixed-approach (Contractual or CDD).
APBN projects implemented through BRR, with the participation of the local government.
Donor has given a significant contribution to the rehabilitation and reconstruction process, including to the livelihood and people’s recovery. Its work is being coordinated and monitored by BRR.
In 5 years, there are more than 900 health facilities, 1,135 schools, 3,000 km roads, 3,200 religion facilities completed build and more than 130,000 SMEs has been supported.
To continuously support the DRR in Aceh-Nias, GoI support internalization of DRR within sustainable development framework at national and local level, reducing the vulnerability of the local community to disaster, as well as strengthening the capacity of the central government, local government and Aceh-Nias communities.

23. CLOSING REMARKS

24. Concept of Climate Inclusive DRR in Indonesia
Protection of existing and future investment due to climate change
Prevention of new risk disaster
Community-based resilience
DRR System
Prevention
Mitigation
Preparedness
CCA Process
CCA Policy
Adaptation Strategies
Program and Activities of CCA
Source: BNPB at RAN API pilot site meeting, February 2015

25. Thank You