1. EGYPT AME EDUCATION SECTOR PROFILE

2. Education Structure Public and private schools offer a secular curriculum. The Al-Azhar schools, a quasi-governmental system, offer a religious curriculum. Source: World Bank 2005 EGYPT

3. Source: World Bank 2005, World Development Indicators 2009 Education Structure Education Configuration and Enrollment Percentages % Net Enrollments ClassificationLevel/GradeAges 20042007 Pre-primaryPre-school 4-516%*17%* Pre-university Primary, grades 1-6 6-1198%96% Lower Secondary, grades 7-9 12-1482%N/A Upper secondary, grades 10-1215-1729%N/A Vocational secondary, grades 10-1215-1737%N/A Tertiary Undergraduate study18-22 33%*N/A Post graduate study22+ *Gross Enrollment Rate The public system serves about 85% of all Egyptian students, primary to tertiary, and is free at all levels. EGYPT

4. Population Structure Egypt’s Population Structure Source: Assaad and Barsoum 2007, EPDC 2009 63% of Egypt’s population is below the age of 30. By 2015, the 30-64 year group will be 37%. Young people need good education opportunities now to become effective workers later. EGYPT

5. Relevant Policies: National Plan for Education for All 2003-2015 http://planipolis.iiep.unesco.org/format_liste_en.php?Chp2=Egypt http://planipolis.iiep.unesco.org/format_liste_en.php?Chp2=Egypt National Strategic Plan for Pre-University Education Reform in Egypt 2007-2012 http://planipolis.iiep.unesco.org/format_liste_en.php?Chp2=Egypt http://planipolis.iiep.unesco.org/format_liste_en.php?Chp2=Egypt Higher Education Reform Strategy 2009 http://www.heep.edu.eg/pmu-report.htm http://www.heep.edu.eg/pmu-report.htm Education Policy EGYPT

6. Education Access: Pre-university Source: World Bank 2005 Primary level is almost full. Lower secondary level grew at the fastest rate from 1996-2004 (4.15% average change). EGYPT

7. Education Access: Tertiary Source: World Bank 2005 Egypt has invested heavily in higher education. University enrollment increased more than 11% from 1996-2004 EGYPT

8. Education Access: Gender Source: World Bank EdStats Girls have nearly reached the same enrollment rates as boys. Egypt has been very successful in attaining gender parity at this level. EGYPT

9. Education Access: Gender Gender parity has been reached at the secondary levels. Girls represent 48% of total student numbers at the pre-university level. Source: World Bank 2005 EGYPT

10. Education Quality : Teachers Source: CIDA 2009 A new teacher professional development and promotion system was adopted in 2007. EGYPT

11. Education Quality: Class Density Class Sizes of 40 or More Students in Public Primary Education, Selected Rural Governorates/Metropolitan Areas 2003/04 Source: World Bank 2005 EGYPT

12. Education Quality: Testing Egypt ranked 37 th out of 45 participating countries on an international achievement test in math and science. Egyptian students scored lower in the 2007 test with an average math score of 396 (406 in 2003) and science score of 408 (421 in 2003). Source: Ministry of Education 2006, World Bank 2007 EGYPT

13. Education Equity: Gender/ Geographic Disparities MetropolitanBoysGirlsGap Alexandra112.5110.52 Cairo112.7113.6-0.9 Lower Egypt Dakahia89.293.1-3.9 Sharkia84.990.2-5.3 Upper Egypt Beni Suef91.283.18.1 Fayoum86.379.66.7 Minya95.885.010.8 Assiut86.581.25.3 Suhag73.573.8-0.3 Source: World Bank 2005 % Lower Secondary Net Enrollments by Sex and Selected Governorates 2003/04 Gender and geographic disparities in lower secondary enrollment are evident at the governorate level. EGYPT

14. Education Equity: Income Disparities Source: World Bank 2007 Gender, wealth and geographic disparities in school attendance remain, especially at the secondary and tertiary levels. EGYPT

15. Education Equity: Academic Disparities 19961998200020022004 General Secondary30.5%32.3%33.6%33.2%34.3% Vocational Secondary69.5%67.7%66.4%66.8%65.7% Total Students1,419,8611,447,0301,551,5181,724,4541,804,835 Percentage Enrollments at Secondary Education Source: World Bank 2005 A two-track system at secondary level (grades 10-12) streams about 60% of students into Vocational Education. Tracking is based on 6 th and 9 th grade test exams scores. EGYPT

16. Education Efficiency: Expenditure Source: World Bank 2007 Public Spending on Education in MENA as Percentage (Most Recent Year During 1999-2003) Public spending on education is high by regional and international standards. EGYPT

17. Education Efficiency: Expenditure Source: World Bank 2005 Egypt Public Education Expenditure Pattern 2002 Tertiary level absorbs 28% of the budget to service 2 million students while pre-university levels receive 70% to support 16 million students. EGYPT

18. Education Efficiency: Repetition Source: World Bank 2005 Repetition rates have seen a steady reduction, particularly impressive at the general secondary level. Repetition at preparatory level remains an issue (average 8%) as it does in Grade 4 and 5 primary levels (both grades average 5.6%). EGYPT

19. Education Efficiency: Repetition Source: World Bank 2008 Egypt is not as efficient in reducing repetition as other countries which spend similar amounts of public money on education. EGYPT

20. Education Efficiency: Staff Ratios The teaching to non-teaching/administrator staff ratio at pre- university levels is about 1:.8, representing an highly inefficient use of public funds. Education Workforce: 1.4 million personnel in the system (2005) Teaching795,000 (57%) Non-teaching89,000 (6%) Administrators516,000 (37%) Source: World Bank 2007 EGYPT

21. Education Efficiency: Staff Ratios Source: World Bank 2007 The growth of teaching (2%) and non-teaching staff (3.6%) is outpacing the growth of the relevant student populations (1%) at all school levels. EGYPT

22. Education Efficiency: Private Tutoring Theoretically illegal and unacknowledged by the government but a booming business given the low salaries of teachers, high class densities and poor teaching quality, and competitiveness of national exams. Private tutoring expenditure in the aggregate: about 4% of GDP, almost equal to government expenditure on education (about 6%). 40% of students, 60% at secondary level, receive private tutoring (est.). The richest quintile spends 10 times more than the poorest quintile giving them a greater advantage in accessing more desirable education options. Source: World Bank 2007, Assaad and Barsoum 2007, Personal email communication 2009. A rampant private tutoring system exists. EGYPT

23. Education: Conclusion Successes: Access: Near universal primary enrollment. Quality: Existence of a teacher professional development system. Equity: Approaching gender equality system-wide. Efficiency: High levels of public expenditure on education. Challenges: Access: Geographic and wealth disparities in school enrollment especially at upper education levels. Quality: High repetition rates at specific grades and level. Equity: Inequitable academic division of students at secondary education. Inequitable spending patterns on education levels. Efficiency: Highly uneven staff ratios. Existence of a rampant private tutoring system. EGYPT