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Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Early Societies in Southwest Asia and the Indo-European Migrations 1
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Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Discuss the early development of Sumer. Compare and contrast the Mesopotamian empires. Describe the significant developments of specialization and trade in the Mesopotamian economy. Explain the emergence of a stratified patriarchal society. 2
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Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Outline the causes and effects of a written cultural tradition in Mesopotamia. Discuss the influences of Mesopotamian civilization on other regional societies. Identify the key aspects and effects of the Indo-European migrations. 3
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Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Urban Political/military system Social stratification Economic specialization Religion Communications “Higher Culture” 4
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Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Essential element: concentration of wealth Agriculture Control over natural resources Development of ancient civilization ▪ Not hunter-gatherer economics 5
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“Between the Rivers” Tigris and Euphrates Modern-day Iran, Iraq Cultural continuum of “fertile crescent” Sumerians the dominant people 7
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Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Nutrient-rich silt Key: IRRIGATION Necessity of coordinated efforts Promoted development of local governments City-states Sumer begins small-scale irrigation by 6000 BCE By 5000 BCE, complex irrigation networks Population reaches 100,000 by 3000 BCE Attracts Semitic migrants, influences culture 8
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Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Cities appear by 4000 BCE Dominate region from 3200-2350 BCE ZIGGURAT: Elaborate steeped temple built to celebrate particular gods 9
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Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Divine mandate to kings divine right to rule led to absolute monarchies Irrigation systems established Regulation of trade Defense from nomadic marauders 10
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Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Semitic peoples from northern Mesopotamia overshadow Sumer Sargon of Akkad (2370-2315 BCE) ▪ Destroyed Sumerian city-states one by one, created empire based in Akkad ▪ Empire unable to maintain chronic rebellions 11
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Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Hammurabi of Babylon (1792-1750 BCE) Improved taxation, legislation Code of Hammurabi employed legal theory of lex talionis (“eye for an eye”) Used local governors to maintain control of city-states 1595 BCE: Babylonian Empire later destroyed by Hittites from Anatolia 12
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Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. CODE OF HAMMURABI (18 th c. BCE) 282 items Lex talionis (item 196: “eye for an eye”) a “law of retaliation” Social status dictated punishment Women viewed as property, but held some rights 13
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Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Weakening of central rule an invitation to foreign invaders Assyrians use new iron weaponry Beginning 1300 BCE, by 8 th -7 th centuries BCE control Mesopotamia, Syria, Palestine, most of Egypt 14
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Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon (r. 605-562) takes advantage of internal dissent to create Chaldean (New Babylonian) Empire Famously luxurious capital 15
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Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 4000 BCE Bronze (copper with tin) Military, agricultural applications 1000 BCE Iron Cheaper, stronger than bronze 3500 BCE Wheel, boats Shipbuilding increases trade networks 17
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Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Ruling classes based often on military prowess Originally elected, later hereditary Perceived as offspring of gods Religious classes Role: intervention with gods to ensure fertility, safety Considerable landholdings, other economic activities Free commoners Peasant cultivators Some urban professionals Slaves Prisoners of war, convicted criminals, debtors 18 POWERPOPULATION
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Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Men as landowners, relationship to status PATRIARCHY: “Rule of the father” male- dominated society Right to sell wives, children Led to double standard of sexual morality women drowned for adultery, yet relaxed sexual mores for men Yet some possibilities of social mobility for women Court advisers, temple priestesses, economic activity Introduction of the veil at least c. 1500 BCE 19
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Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Sumerian writing systems form by 3500 BCE Pictographs: Ideas communicated through picture (ideograph) CUNEIFORM: “Wedge- shaped” character system Preservation of documents on clay Declines from 400 BCE with spread of Greek alphabetic script 20
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Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Trade Astronomy Mathematics Agricultural applications Calculation of time 12-month year 24-hour day, 60-minute hour 21
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Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Epic of Gilgamesh, compiled after 2000 BCE Heroic saga Search for meaning, especially the afterlife “This-worldly” emphasis secular approach 22
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Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Patriarchs and matriarchs from Babylon, c. 1850 BCE pastoral nomads (herders) Parallels between early biblical texts, Code of Hammurabi Early settlement of Canaan (Israel), c. 1300 BCE Biblical text: slavery in Egypt, divine redemption On-going conflict with indigenous populations under King David (1000-970 BCE) and Solomon (970-930 BCE) 23
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Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Hebrews shared polytheistic beliefs of other Mesopotamian civilizations Moses introduces monotheism, a belief in single god Denies existence of competing parallel deities Personal god: reward and punishment for conformity with revealed law The Torah (“the teaching”): foundation of Jewish teaching (Old Testament in Christianity) 24
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Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Civil war Northern tribes: ISRAEL Southern tribes: JUDAH 722 BCE: Assyrian conquest Exiles Israel: ten lost tribes 586 BCE: Babylonian conquest, Additional exile of many residents of Judah Returned later that century 25
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Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. City-states along Mediterranean coast after 3000 BCE Extensive maritime trade 1200-800 BCE: Dominated Mediterranean trade Development of alphabet symbols Simpler alternative to cuneiform Spread of literacy 27
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Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Common roots of many languages of Europe, southwest Asia, India Implies influence of a single Indo-European people Probable original homeland: contemporary Ukraine and Russia, 4500-2500 BCE Domestication of horses, use of Sumerian weaponry allowed them to spread widely 28
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Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 1900 BCE: Hittites migrate to central Anatolia, later dominate Babylonia Influence on trade Horses, chariots with spoked wheels Use of iron Migrations to western China, Greece, Italy also significant Influence on language and culture Aryo = “noble, lord” ▪ Aryan, Iranian, Irish ▪ Caste system in India 30
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