1. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Early Societies in Southwest Asia and the Indo-European Migrations 1

2. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Discuss the early development of Sumer.  Compare and contrast the Mesopotamian empires.  Describe the significant developments of specialization and trade in the Mesopotamian economy.  Explain the emergence of a stratified patriarchal society. 2

3. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Outline the causes and effects of a written cultural tradition in Mesopotamia.  Discuss the influences of Mesopotamian civilization on other regional societies.  Identify the key aspects and effects of the Indo-European migrations. 3

4. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Urban  Political/military system  Social stratification  Economic specialization  Religion  Communications  “Higher Culture” 4

5. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Essential element: concentration of wealth  Agriculture  Control over natural resources  Development of ancient civilization ▪ Not hunter-gatherer economics 5

6. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 6

7.  “Between the Rivers”  Tigris and Euphrates  Modern-day Iran, Iraq  Cultural continuum of “fertile crescent”  Sumerians the dominant people 7

8. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Nutrient-rich silt  Key: IRRIGATION  Necessity of coordinated efforts  Promoted development of local governments  City-states  Sumer begins small-scale irrigation by 6000 BCE  By 5000 BCE, complex irrigation networks  Population reaches 100,000 by 3000 BCE  Attracts Semitic migrants, influences culture 8

9. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Cities appear by 4000 BCE  Dominate region from 3200-2350 BCE  ZIGGURAT: Elaborate steeped temple built to celebrate particular gods 9

10. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Divine mandate to kings  divine right to rule led to absolute monarchies  Irrigation systems established  Regulation of trade  Defense from nomadic marauders 10

11. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Semitic peoples from northern Mesopotamia overshadow Sumer  Sargon of Akkad (2370-2315 BCE) ▪ Destroyed Sumerian city-states one by one, created empire based in Akkad ▪ Empire unable to maintain chronic rebellions 11

12. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Hammurabi of Babylon (1792-1750 BCE)  Improved taxation, legislation  Code of Hammurabi employed legal theory of lex talionis (“eye for an eye”)  Used local governors to maintain control of city-states  1595 BCE: Babylonian Empire later destroyed by Hittites from Anatolia 12

13. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  CODE OF HAMMURABI (18 th c. BCE)  282 items  Lex talionis (item 196: “eye for an eye”)  a “law of retaliation”  Social status dictated punishment  Women viewed as property, but held some rights 13

14. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Weakening of central rule an invitation to foreign invaders  Assyrians use new iron weaponry  Beginning 1300 BCE, by 8 th -7 th centuries BCE control Mesopotamia, Syria, Palestine, most of Egypt 14

15. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon (r. 605-562) takes advantage of internal dissent to create Chaldean (New Babylonian) Empire  Famously luxurious capital 15

16. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 16

17. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  4000 BCE  Bronze (copper with tin)  Military, agricultural applications  1000 BCE  Iron  Cheaper, stronger than bronze  3500 BCE  Wheel, boats  Shipbuilding increases trade networks 17

18. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Ruling classes based often on military prowess  Originally elected, later hereditary  Perceived as offspring of gods  Religious classes  Role: intervention with gods to ensure fertility, safety  Considerable landholdings, other economic activities  Free commoners  Peasant cultivators  Some urban professionals  Slaves  Prisoners of war, convicted criminals, debtors 18 POWERPOPULATION

19. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Men as landowners, relationship to status  PATRIARCHY: “Rule of the father”  male- dominated society  Right to sell wives, children  Led to double standard of sexual morality  women drowned for adultery, yet relaxed sexual mores for men  Yet some possibilities of social mobility for women  Court advisers, temple priestesses, economic activity  Introduction of the veil at least c. 1500 BCE 19

20. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Sumerian writing systems form by 3500 BCE  Pictographs: Ideas communicated through picture (ideograph)  CUNEIFORM: “Wedge- shaped” character system  Preservation of documents on clay  Declines from 400 BCE with spread of Greek alphabetic script 20

21. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Trade  Astronomy  Mathematics  Agricultural applications  Calculation of time  12-month year  24-hour day, 60-minute hour 21

22. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Epic of Gilgamesh, compiled after 2000 BCE  Heroic saga  Search for meaning, especially the afterlife  “This-worldly” emphasis  secular approach 22

23. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Patriarchs and matriarchs from Babylon, c. 1850 BCE  pastoral nomads (herders)  Parallels between early biblical texts, Code of Hammurabi  Early settlement of Canaan (Israel), c. 1300 BCE  Biblical text: slavery in Egypt, divine redemption  On-going conflict with indigenous populations under King David (1000-970 BCE) and Solomon (970-930 BCE) 23

24. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Hebrews shared polytheistic beliefs of other Mesopotamian civilizations  Moses introduces monotheism, a belief in single god  Denies existence of competing parallel deities  Personal god: reward and punishment for conformity with revealed law  The Torah (“the teaching”): foundation of Jewish teaching (Old Testament in Christianity) 24

25. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Civil war  Northern tribes: ISRAEL  Southern tribes: JUDAH  722 BCE: Assyrian conquest  Exiles Israel: ten lost tribes  586 BCE: Babylonian conquest,  Additional exile of many residents of Judah  Returned later that century 25

26. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 26

27. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  City-states along Mediterranean coast after 3000 BCE  Extensive maritime trade  1200-800 BCE: Dominated Mediterranean trade  Development of alphabet symbols  Simpler alternative to cuneiform  Spread of literacy 27

28. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Common roots of many languages of Europe, southwest Asia, India  Implies influence of a single Indo-European people  Probable original homeland: contemporary Ukraine and Russia, 4500-2500 BCE  Domestication of horses, use of Sumerian weaponry allowed them to spread widely 28

29. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 29

30. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  1900 BCE: Hittites migrate to central Anatolia, later dominate Babylonia  Influence on trade  Horses, chariots with spoked wheels  Use of iron  Migrations to western China, Greece, Italy also significant  Influence on language and culture  Aryo = “noble, lord” ▪ Aryan, Iranian, Irish ▪ Caste system in India 30