1. Phanerozoic 550 Ma

2. Cenozoic 65 Ma

3. Late Cretaceous Southern Ocean Not shown – plateaus in the southern Indian Ocean

4. Zachos Cenozoic record

5. Linear, non-linear, and threshold responses Fractal strange attractors

6. Eocene Thermal Maximum

7. Eocene circulation Low-latitude east to west circulation, similar to Cretaceous

8. Southern Ocean gateways STF = Subtropical Front AAPF = Antarctic Polar Front AAD = Antarctic Divergence SAF = Subantarctic Front

9. Late Cenozoic sea level

10. Oligocene ice growth One of the largest, most rapid drops in sea level during the Phanerozoic Truly cold deep water Bottom temp’s may have dropped 4-5°C

11. Topography of Antarctica without ice

12. Crossing a threshold – Rapid growth of the Antarctic Ice Sheet

13. Iceland-Faeroe Ridge Initial connection with the Arctic Ocean in the Paleocene Spill-over in late Eocene cools deep water in Atlantic Finally open to deep water in late Miocene

14. NADW site map

15. Australia separates from Antarctica Contributed to late Eocene cooling of the deep ocean Major cause of thermal isolation of Antarctica in Oligocene

16. Oligocene circulation The only remaining barrier is the Drake Passage Progressive blockage of the Indonesian Seaway

17. Miocene Southern Ocean Deep-water flow between Australia-New Zealand and Antarctica Surface-water flow through Drake Passage initiated in Oligocene Now deep flow begins

18. Late Miocene – the Messinian salinity crisis

19. High topography Western North America

20. Orographic effect

21. India collides

22. Tibetan Plateau

23. Northern Indian Ocean 90 East Ridge Chagos- Laccadive Plateau

24. Himalayas and monsoons

25. Monsoons

26. Monsoons and Indian Ocean circulation

27. Looking into the Himalayas

28. Sediment flux to ocean basins – 40 Ma

29. Strontium isotopes 400 Ma

30. Pliocene 5.5 Ma

31. Closure of Panama – Pliocene

32. Table SL fall 80 Ma

33. Raymo 5 Ma record

34. Raymo 41-ky to 100-ky cycles

35. Mid to Late Pleistocene 450 ka

36. Holocene temperature variations

37. Late Holocene 1000 years

38. Instrumental records 150 years

39. 1965-1975 cooling

40. 1995-2004 warming

41. …to be continued