1. 3461 Web Page Design Focus on Usability

2. 3461 Sources  www.useit.com (Jacob Neilsen)  www.webpagesthatsuck.com (Vincent Flanders)  http://usability.gov/guidelines/  J. Johnson (2000) GUI Bloopers  W. O. Galitz (2002) The Essential Guide to User Interface Design  P. Greenspun (1999) Philip and Alex’s Guide to Web Publishing

3. 3461 First, understand WHY users are going to a web site. (1 of 2)  They want information - NOW.  They want to purchases something- NOW.  They want software, download, patches, and they want it NOW. Do you see a pattern? Every extra button click, gratuitous animation, poor navigational design, etc. delays the user.

4. 3461 First, understand WHY users are going to a web site. (2 of 2) Possible web site exceptions  Entertainment sites (movies, games)  Nonprofit sites (setting the mood) However for most websites the user does not wish to be entertained, rather they want something right away. Remember, a competing web site is just one click away.

5. 3461 A Good Web Site is One That  Where it is easy for users to find what they are looking for.  Loads quickly.  Is easy to navigate.  Is informative.

6. 3461 Most of these slides are guidelines  They are not fixed rules, rather they are rules of thumb, guidelines, to use when starting with nothing. Numerous exceptions exist which depend upon the user, task, and environment.  These guidelines are not etched in stone, they have differed in the past and will change in the future.

7. 3461 Web Site Usability Guidelines from Philip Greenspun  A richer user interface is always harder to learn. People who are visiting your site don’t want to have to learn.  More cutting edge technologies in a web site generally decreases the usability of a web site.  Don’t break the browser’s navigational buttons. Users should be able to go forward and backwards at any time during their session. Philip and Alex’s Guide to Web Publishing (1999, Morgan Kaufmann)

8. 3461 Common Web Usability Design Problems  Slow downloads because of large images, many images, unnecessary animation, etc...  Districting and gratuitous animation that runs continuously in the background  Designs that require users to scroll down or across the page to see important content.  Web sites that format text in fixed-width or proportional-width blocks rather than letting the width of the user’s browser determine the width of the text.

9. 3461 Design Guidelines from Tufte  Web pages should contain information, not navigation or administration icons. The information should become the interface.  Give users broad, flat overviews of the information (table of contents), rather than forcing them through sequential screens of choices.  Organize your data according to expected user interest, rather than internal structure of your organization.  Why use icons for navigation when words are clearer and take up less screen space? Visual Explanations: Images and Quantities, Evidence and Narrative (1997, Graphics Press)

10. 3461 Three Click Rule  The "Three Click Rule" states that all relevant parts of a website should be accessible within three mouse-clicks of the home-page.  Do not use an entry tunnel to your website.  Do not dictate the navigational path to your user.

11. 3461 USA Federal Government Regulations Federal Government Web sites are required to follow the Section 508 Federal (Web) Accessibility Standards. http://www.access-board.gov  device independence  text alternatives to graphics and graphic links  user controlled content display

12. 3461 http://bobby.cost.org - automated tool for testing accessibility requirements

13. 3461 GUI vs. Web Page Design  In GUI design the layout of the screen will look exactly as specified (WYSIWYG). However no such guarantee exists for web pages.

14. 3461 HTML Online tutorial http://webreference.com/html/tutorials/ This is an html file.

15. 3461 HTML Validator http://www.anybrowser.com/validateit.html

16. 3461 Color Selection  When foreground and background colors are close to the same hue, they may provide insufficient contrast on monochrome displays and for people with certain types of color deficits.  Maximum of four colors on the screen at any one time, and in most cases two or three. http://usability.gov/guidelines/accessibility.html#one

17. 3461 Color Blindness (approximately 5% of males) http://usability.gov/guidelines/accessibility.html#one

18. 3461 www.vischeck.com

19. 3461 Font Sizes  Use at least a 10-point font to achieve the best possible reading performance.  Fonts smaller than 10-point elicited slower performance from users. For people over 65, it may be better to use at least 12 or 14 point.

20. 3461 Page Length  Use short pages (1-2 screens in length) for  home pages and all navigation pages  pages that need to be quickly browsed and/or read online  pages with very long graphics  Use long pages (more than 2 screens) to  match the structure of a paper counterpart  make pages more convenient to download/print http://usability.gov/guidelines/page_length.html#length

21. 3461 Page Length example - IBM home page 800 pixels 600 pixels

22. 3461 Content is the Interface Example www.yahoo.ca

23. 3461 Reasons to avoid using Flash  Flash encourages gratuitous animation  Flash breaks web fundamentals  The "Back" button does not work  Link colors don't work showing which links you’ve seen  Flash reduces accessibility for users with disabilities (ex. make text bigger/smaller" button does not work)  Flash integrates poorly with search

24. 3461 Text for Web Pages  Minimize the use of words that call attention to the Web. Examples:  “This Web site”  “Click here”  “Follow this link”  How to test? Print out a page, read it and see if it makes sense.

25. 3461 Graphics on Web Sites (1 of 3)  Use graphics as a supplement to textual content, not as a substitute.  Convey information that can’t be effectively accomplished using text. (photographs, video, diagrams)  Enhance navigation  presenting a site overview  identifying site pages  identifying content areas

26. 3461 Graphics on Web Sites (2 of 3)  Minimize the number of images. More images  slower page download  Minimize the size of images  restrict single images to 5K  restrict page images to 20K  provide thumbnail size images  Produce images in the most appropriate format  GIF  JPEG

27. 3461 Graphics on Web Sites (3 of 3)  GIFs are limited to 256 colors, and exist in either a dithered or nondithered format.  dithered: color-mixing process a computer goes through when it encounters a color not in its palette.Palette colors are mixed to approximate the appearance of the desired color  the resulting color may be grainy or unacceptable  nondithered: closest palette colors are chosen  may also produced poor results

28. 3461 Web Palette / Browser-safe colors www.lynda.com Browser- safe colors

29. 3461 Internationalization (the world is watching)  Do not use acronyms and abbreviations- difficult/confusing to translate  Adhere to local formats for date, time, money, measurements, addresses, and telephone numbers.  Be particularly careful with images such as  religious symbols (crosses and stars)  the human body  hand gestures  flags

30. 3461 Translation Expansion Requirements (1 of 2)  Besturingselement (Dutch)  Olvadaci prvek (Czech)  Ohjausobjekti (Finnish)  Steuerelement (German)  Control (English) English is very concise- allow additional screen space for translation.

31. 3461 Translation Expansion Requirements (2 of 2)

32. 3461 Mystery Meat Navigation  Vincent Flanders http://www.fixingyourwebsite.com/mysterymeat.html  Goes against the fundamental purposes of a website discussed earlier.  Examples

33. 3461 Web Page Guidelines (1 of 2)  Strike a balance between  Textual information  Graphics  Links  Avoid horizontal scrolling  Place critical or important information at the very top so it is always viewable when the page is opened.

34. 3461 Web Page Guidelines (2 of 2)  Use frames with caution.  Don’t break links. Users will bookmark the page that interests them and not necessarily take the path you create. (search engines)  Provide sufficient white space (minimum 30%)  Anticipate page breaks

35. 3461 Home Page Guidelines  Limit to one screen  Clearly identify the Web site’s content and purpose  Elements to include:  Site overview or map  Navigation links to most (if not all) of the site or major sections  Some useful content

36. 3461 Further Research  When to open a new window browsers, and when to display new content in current browser window?  Literature has not yet adequately answered this question.  Difficult question to answer, highly dependent on the type of user, and the task involved.