1. 11 1 4 3 2 5 6 7

2. U.N. Charter: African people have right to “self-determination”—encourages African nationalism Result: violent and peaceful revolutions for independence after WWII

3. 11 1 4 3 2 5 6 7

4. 1. South Africa (British) Nelson Mandela leads fight against racist “apartheid” Ended in 1994 Mandela became first black President of S. Africa

5. 11 1 4 3 2 5 6 7

6. 2. Kenya—Jomo Kenyatta leads violent struggle (“Mau Mau” Uprising) for independence against British. Kenyatta became President of Kenya after independence

7. 11 1 4 3 2 5 6 7

8. 3. Egypt— Egyptians take Suez in 1956

9. 11 1 4 3 2 5 6 7

10. 4. Algeria– violent revolution against French

11. 11 1 4 3 2 5 6 7

12. 5. West Africa– peaceful revolution

13. 11 1 4 3 2 5 6 7

14. 6. Congo– freed from Belgium When Congo was freed, it was renamed “Zaire,” then recently it was renamed again, the “Democratic Republic of Congo”

15. 11 1 4 3 2 5 6 7

16. 7. Rwanda– genocide: Hutus kill Tutsi (1994)