1. 1 Nature versus Nurture Ms. Simon October 18, 2010

2. 2 Homework Read Myers pgs 95-107 Answer Questions on Website

3. 3 Do Now: How are you like your parents? How are you different from your parents?

4. 4

5. 5 Aim: To what extent do our genes and environment contribute to our psychology?

6. 6 Nature, Nurture, and Human Diversity SimilaritiesDifferences Behaviors Language Very different languages Biology Organs and body functions Size/shape can vary, disease can change, development Brain Same brain architecture Asymmetry across genders Genes Same set of chromosomes Different alleles, mutations, X, Y

7. 7 Genes: Our Codes for Life Chromosomes contain DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) are situated in the nucleus of a cell. Humans have 23 pairs of chromosome for a total of 46

8. 8 Genes: Our Codes for Life Segments within DNA consist of genes that make proteins to determine our development.

9. 9 Genome Genome is the set of complete genetic instructions for making an organism How do our genes make us who we are?

10. 10 Behavior Genetics: Predicting Individual Differences

11. 11 Twin Biology Studying the effects of heredity and environment on two sets of twins, identical and fraternal, has come in handy.

12. 12 Twins and Procedures Behavior geneticists’ effects of shared and unique environments on total or partial genetic makeup.

13. 13 Separated Twins Personality, Intelligence Abilities, Attitudes Interests, Fears Brain Waves, Heart Rate

14. 14 Separated Twins Critics of separated twin studies note that such similarities can be found between strangers. Bob Sacha

15. 15 Adoption Studies Adoption studies, as opposed to twin studies, suggest that adoptees tend to be different from their adoptive parents and siblings.

16. 16 Adoptive Studies Adoptive studies strongly point to the simple fact that biologically related children turn out to be different in a family. So investigators ask: Do siblings have differing experiences? Do siblings, despite sharing half of their genes, have different combinations of the other half of their genes? Ultimate question: Does parenting have an effect?

17. 17 Parenting Parenting does have an effect on biologically related and unrelated children. Parenting Influences children’s Attitudes, Values Manners, Beliefs Faith, Politics

18. 18 Temperament Studies Temperament refers to a person’s stable emotional reactivity and intensity.

19. 19 Heritability Heritability refers to the extent to which the differences among people are attributable to genes.

20. 20 Heritability Examples Personality: Mental Ability: Schizophrenia: Depression: Alcoholism:

21. 21 Group Differences If genetic influences help explain individual diversity in traits, can the same be said about group differences?.

22. 22 Nature and Nurture Genes provide choices for the organism to change its form or traits when environmental variables change. Therefore, genes are self-regulating.

23. 23 Genes self-regulate in uteru http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DuWTm d4f7lo

24. 24 Gene-Environment Interaction Genes can influence traits which affect responses, and environment can affect gene activity. Example: A genetic predisposition that makes a child restless and hyperactive evokes an angry response from his parents. A stressful environment can trigger genes to manufacture neurotransmitters leading to depression.

25. 25 Gene-Environment Interaction Genes and environment affect our traits individually, but more important are their interactive effects. Rex Features Alessia Pierdomenico/Reuters/Corbis

26. 26 What is the fundamental goal of all living things? TO SPREAD OUR GENES!

27. 27 Evolutionary Psychology: Understanding Human Nature Molecular genetics studies why we as organisms are distinct. Evolutionary psychology studies why we as humans are alike. In particular, it studies the evolution of behavior and mind using principles of natural selection.

28. 28 What is natural selection? Natural selection is an evolutionary process through which adaptive traits are passed on to ongoing generations What traits would be selected for?

29. 29 Artificial Selection Biologists like Belyaev and Trut (1999) were able to artificially rear and domesticate wild foxes, selecting them for friendly traits. Any trait that is favored naturally or artificially spreads to future generations. L.N. Trur, American Scientist (1999) 87: 160-169

30. 30 Human Traits A number of human traits have been identified as a result of pressures afforded by natural selection. ……Can you think of any?

31. 31 Why do infants fear strangers when they become mobile?

32. 32 Why are most parents so passionately devoted to their children?

33. 33 Why do people fear spiders and snakes and not electricity and guns?

34. 34 Should we allow genetic engineering?

35. 35 How do our early experiences, our family, our community and our culture affects these differences? We have looked at how genes influence our developmental differences. What about the environment? Parents and Early Experiences We begin with the prenatal environment.

36. 36 Prenatal Environment Identical twins who share the same placenta (b) are more alike than those who do not (a), suggesting prenatal influences on psychological traits.

37. 37 Gender Development Based on genetic makeup, males and females are alike, since the majority of our inherited genes (45 chromosomes are unisex) are similar. Males and females differ biologically in body fat, muscle, height, onset of puberty, and life expectancy.

38. 38 Gender Roles Our culture shapes our gender roles — expectations of how men and women are supposed to behave. Gender Identity — means how a person views himself or herself in terms of gender.

39. 39 Gender Roles: Theories 1.Gender Schema Theory suggests that we learn a cultural “recipe” of how to be a male or a female 2.Social Learning Theory proposes that we learn gender-linked behaviors by imitating and being rewarded or punished

40. 40 Human Sexuality Gender Differences in Sexuality Question (summarized)MaleFemale Casual sex60%35% Sex for affection25%48% Think about sex everyday54%19% Studies have shown that in general, across cultures and species, men tend to be more promiscuous than females.

41. 41 Battle of the Sexes: Mating Preferences How has natural selection resulted in different mating preferences for males and females? However, females select one mature and caring male because of the higher costs involved with pregnancy and nursing. Natural selection has caused males to increase their genes by mating with multiple females since males have lower costs involved.

42. 42 Battle of the Sexes

43. What qualities do you look for in a partner?

44. 44 Mating Preferences Males look for youthful appearing females in order to pass their genes into the future. Females, on the other, hand look for maturity, dominance, affluence and boldness in males. Data based on 37 cultures.

45. 45 Who do you think is sexy? Men answer:Women answer:

46. 46 Gender Differences in Aggression Men express themselves and behave in more aggressive ways than do women. In males, the nature of this aggression is physical. http://www.youtube.co m/watch?v=LDYyv- iLmRY

47. 47 Gender and Social Power In most societies, men are socially dominant and are perceived as such. In 2005, men accounted for 84% of the governing parliaments.

48. 48 Gender Differences and Connectedness Young and old, women form more connections (friendships) with people than do men. Men emphasize freedom and self-reliance. Oliver Eltinger/ Zefa/ Corbis Dex Image/ Getty Images

49. 1. Intense and reactive infants become unusually anxious and aroused when facing new or strange situations. This best illustrates the importance of: a. the X chromosome. b. temperament. c. personal space. d. individualism. 2. Estimates of the heritability of personality traits are most directly associated with the research efforts of: a. social learning theorists. b. behavior geneticists. c. evolutionary psychologists. d. gender schema theorists. 3. In emphasizing that heredity's effects on behavior depend on a person's home environment, psychologists are highlighting the importance of: a. the double helix. b. gene complexes. c. collectivism. d. nature-nurture interactions. 4. Bacteria that resist a hospital's antibiotics rapidly multiply as other bacteria die off. This best illustrates: a. collectivism. b. behavior genetics. c. heritability. d. natural selection. 5. It has been suggested that men in all cultures tend to marry women younger than themselves because men are genetically predisposed to seek female features associated with youthful fertility. This suggestion best illustrates: a. social learning theory. b. behavior genetics. c. Freudian psychology. d. an evolutionary perspective. 6. Premature babies are especially likely to gain weight if stimulated by: a. sound and music. b. light and colors. c. touch and massage. d. movement and acceleration. 7. At a social gathering, Latin Americans may behave in a manner that North Americans consider intrusive and overly expressive. This best illustrates the importance of being sensitive to differing: a. norms. b. gene complexes. c. gender identities. d. heritability estimates. 8. Displays of self-effacing humility are most characteristic of those who value: a. individualism. b. gender-typing. c. collectivism. d. gender-schemas. 9. Over the last century, Western parents have placed ________ priority on teaching children to respect and obey parents and ________ priority on teaching them loyalty to their country. a. decreasing; increasing b. increasing; decreasing c. decreasing; decreasing d. increasing; increasing 10. Adolescent females spend: a. more time alone and more time praying than do adolescent males. b. less time alone and less time praying than do adolescent males. c. more time alone and less time praying than do adolescent males. d. less time alone and more time praying than do adolescent males. 11. Jaquetta was exposed to excess testosterone during prenatal development. As a young girl, Jaquetta is likely to: a. prefer toy cars over dolls. b. exhibit superior verbal intelligence. c. develop a male gender identity. d. demonstrate a lack of gender schemas. 12. Concepts of masculinity and femininity that influence our perceptions are called gender: a. types. b. schemas. c. roles. d. complexes.

50. 50 Evolutionary Psychologists believe that natural selection leads to differences in our behavior and minds. Why might this view be controversial?

51. 51 Critiquing the Evolutionary Perspective Evolutionary psychologists take a behavior and work backward to explain it in terms of natural selection. Evolutionary psychology proposes genetic determinism and undercuts morality in establishing society. Where genders are unequal, gender preferences are wide, but when they are closely equal, preferences narrow down.

52. 52 Evolutionary Psychologists Reply Evolutionary psychologists argue that we need to test behaviors that expound evolutionary principles. Evolutionary psychologists remind us how we have adapted, but do not dictate how we ought to be. Males and females are more alike than different, and if we study these differences we can establish their causes.

53. 53 The New Frontier: Molecular Genetics Molecular genetics asks the question, “Do genes influence behavior?”

54. 54 Molecular Genetics: Promises and Perils Molecular geneticists are trying to identify genes that put people at risk for disorders. What might be an ethical concern?

55. 55 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o7OYC mynrRU

56. 56 AIM: How are men and women different?

57. AIM: What determines our gender?

58. http://video.google.com/videoplay?d ocid=- 1376391023990365282#docid=6170 255473170788798

59. 59 Biology of Sex: 23 rd pair of chromosomes If the pair is XX, a female is produced. If the pair is XY, a male child is produced.

60. 60 Which parent determines the child’s sex? The Father

61. 61 Sexual Differentiation The male fetus is exposed to testosterone (because of the Y chromosome), which leads to the development of male genitalia. If low levels of testosterone are released in the uterus, the result is a female.

62. Testosterone causes developmental differences between male and female brains ….That may account for stereotyped differences in male and female behavior since infancy

63. 63 Sex Differences What would you expect for the following individuals? XO, XXY, XYY, XXX

64. 64 Sexual Differentiation Sexual differentiation is not only biological, but also psychological and social. http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-1376391023990365282#docid=6170255473170788798

65. 65 Males are more promiscuous than females. True or False. Homework: Studies have shown that in general, across cultures and species, men tend to be more promiscuous than females. Is this trait due to CULTURE or to GENETICS? Type a page defending your argument: what evidence (in the book, common experience, etc) can you find. How could you design either an experiment or a correlational study testing your theory. Have fun!

66. Do Now: How do girls and boys behave differently?

67. AIM: Why are human males and females different?

68. 68 Gender Roles Our culture shapes our gender roles — expectations of how men and women are supposed to behave. Gender Identity — means how a person views himself or herself in terms of gender.

69. 69 Gender Roles: Theories 1.Gender Schema Theory suggests that we learn a cultural “recipe” of how to be a male or a female example: “Girls are made of sugar spice and everything nice” 1.Social Learning Theory proposes that we learn gender-linked behaviors by imitating and being rewarded or punished example: GI joes and Barbies

70. 70 Human Sexuality Gender Differences in Sexuality Question (summarized)MaleFemale Casual sex60%35% Sex for affection25%48% Think about sex everyday54%19% Studies have shown that in general, across cultures and species, men tend to be more promiscuous than females.

71. Evolutionary Psychology Hand-out 3-4

72. 72 Battle of the Sexes: Mating Preferences How has natural selection resulted in different mating preferences for males and females? However, females select one mature and caring male because of the higher costs involved with pregnancy and nursing. Natural selection has caused males to increase their genes by mating with multiple females since males have lower costs involved.

73. 73 Battle of the Sexes

74. What qualities do you look for in a partner?

75. 75 Mating Preferences Males: physical attractiveness and youth Females: wealth, maturity, ability to care for children Data based on 37 cultures.

76. 76 Who do you think is sexy? Men answer:Women answer:

77. Do Now: Activity 3-4

78. AIM: How do biology and culture contribute to human differences?

79. 79 Gender Differences in Aggression Men express themselves and behave in more aggressive ways than do women. In males, the nature of this aggression is physical. http://www.youtube.co m/watch?v=LDYyv- iLmRY

80. 80 Gender and Social Power In most societies, men are socially dominant and are perceived as such. In 2005, men accounted for 84% of the governing parliaments.

81. 81 Gender Differences and Connectedness Young and old, women form more connections (friendships) with people than do men. Men emphasize freedom and self-reliance. Oliver Eltinger/ Zefa/ Corbis Dex Image/ Getty Images

82. 82 What do humans have in common?

83. 83 Experience and Brain Development Early postnatal experiences affect brain development.

84. 84 Experience and Faculties Early experiences during development in humans shows remarkable improvements in music, languages and the arts. Courtesy of C. Brune

85. 85 Brain Development and Adulthood Brain development does not stop when we reach adulthood. Throughout our life, brain tissue continues to grow and change. A well-learned finger-tapping task leads to more motor cortical neurons (right) than baseline. Both hotos courtesy of Avi Kani and Leslie Ungerleider, National Institue of Mental Health

86. 86 Parental Influence Parental influence is largely genetic. However, other socializing factors also play an important role. Although raised in the same family, some children are greater risk takers. Miquel L. Fairbanks

87. 87 Peer Influence Children, like adults, attempt to fit into a group by conforming. Ole Graf/ zefa/ Corbis

88. 88 Cultural Influences Culture is composed of behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values and traditions shared by a group. Kevin R. Morris/Corbis

89. 89 Variation Across Culture Cultures differ. Each culture develops norms – rules for accepted and expected behavior. Jason Reed/ Reuters/Corbis

90. 90 Culture or Genes? Cultures change over time. In many Western countries, culture has rapidly changed over the past 40 years or so. This change cannot be attributed to changes in the human gene pool because genes evolve very slowly.

91. 91 Culture and the Self Individualist : a culture nurtures an individual’s personal identity Collectivist: a group identity is favored When would a collectivist system benefit groups? Kyodo News

92. 92 Culture and the Self

93. 93 Culture and Child-Rearing Individualist cultures (European) raise their children as independent individuals whereas collectivist cultures (Asian) raise their children as interdependent. Jose Luis Palaez, Inc./ Corbis

94. 94 Culture and Child-Rearing Westernized CulturesAsian-African Cultures Responsible for your selfResponsible to group Follow your consciencePriority to obedience Discover your giftsBe true to family-self Be true to yourselfBe loyal to your group Be independentBe interdependent

95. 95 Developmental Similarities Across Groups Despite diverse cultural backgrounds, humans are more similar than different in many ways. What are some things humans have in common? Copyright Steve Reehl

96. 1. Intense and reactive infants become unusually anxious and aroused when facing new or strange situations. This best illustrates the importance of: a. the X chromosome. b. temperament. c. personal space. d. individualism. 2. Estimates of the heritability of personality traits are most directly associated with the research efforts of: a. social learning theorists. b. behavior geneticists. c. evolutionary psychologists. d. gender schema theorists. 3. In emphasizing that heredity's effects on behavior depend on a person's home environment, psychologists are highlighting the importance of: a. the double helix. b. gene complexes. c. collectivism. d. nature-nurture interactions. 4. Bacteria that resist a hospital's antibiotics rapidly multiply as other bacteria die off. This best illustrates: a. collectivism. b. behavior genetics. c. heritability. d. natural selection. 5. It has been suggested that men in all cultures tend to marry women younger than themselves because men are genetically predisposed to seek female features associated with youthful fertility. This suggestion best illustrates: a. social learning theory. b. behavior genetics. c. Freudian psychology. d. an evolutionary perspective. 6. Premature babies are especially likely to gain weight if stimulated by: a. sound and music. b. light and colors. c. touch and massage. d. movement and acceleration. 7. At a social gathering, Latin Americans may behave in a manner that North Americans consider intrusive and overly expressive. This best illustrates the importance of being sensitive to differing: a. norms. b. gene complexes. c. gender identities. d. heritability estimates. 8. Displays of self-effacing humility are most characteristic of those who value: a. individualism. b. gender-typing. c. collectivism. d. gender-schemas. 9. Over the last century, Western parents have placed ________ priority on teaching children to respect and obey parents and ________ priority on teaching them loyalty to their country. a. decreasing; increasing b. increasing; decreasing c. decreasing; decreasing d. increasing; increasing 10. Adolescent females spend: a. more time alone and more time praying than do adolescent males. b. less time alone and less time praying than do adolescent males. c. more time alone and less time praying than do adolescent males. d. less time alone and more time praying than do adolescent males. 11. Jaquetta was exposed to excess testosterone during prenatal development. As a young girl, Jaquetta is likely to: a. prefer toy cars over dolls. b. exhibit superior verbal intelligence. c. develop a male gender identity. d. demonstrate a lack of gender schemas. 12. Concepts of masculinity and femininity that influence our perceptions are called gender: a. types. b. schemas. c. roles. d. complexes.

97. 97 Reflections on Nature and Nurture