1. Portugal and Spain

2. A Map of the Known World, pre- 1492

3. Motives for European Exploration 1.Crusades  more direct route to get to Asia. 2.Renaissance  curiosity about other lands and peoples. 3.Reformation  refugees & missionaries. 4.Monarchs seeking new sources of revenue. 5.Technological advances. 6.Fame and fortune.

4. New Maritime Technologies Hartman Astrolabe (1532) Better Maps Sextant Mariner’s Compass

5. New Weapons Technology Could sail in shallow water and up stream – quick and could go long distances

6. Prince Henry, the Navigator Portuguese Portuguese School for Navigation, 1419 Brother of king of Portugal I Like to sail boats!

7. Museum of Navigation in Lisbon

8. Portuguese Maritime Empire 1.Exploring the west coast of Africa – save Muslim souls and search for gold. 2.Bartolomeo Dias, 1487 – rounded Cape of Good Hope (Africa) – allows safe passage to India 3.Vasco da Gama, 1498 (India) 4.Admiral Alfonso de Albuquerque (India: Goa, 1510; Calcutta, 1511). 5.Now challenged Venetians and Arabs for control of Spice Trade Why spices so important? Preservation and adding flavor to bland European diet!

10. Christófo Colón [1451-1506]

11. Columbus’ Four Voyages

12. Ferdinand Magellan & the First Circumnavigation of the World: Early 16c

13. Atlantic Explorations Looking for “El Dorado”- land of gold and treasure

14. Fernando Cortés The First Spanish Conquests: The Aztecs (Mexico) Montezuma II vs.vs.

15. Aztecs Capital at Tenochtitlán (modern day Mexico City) Demanded large tribute from their people Polytheistic – believed gods needed human sacrifices People were resentful Why many people welcomed the Spanish – made it easier to conquer

16. Mexico Surrenders to Cortés 1521

17. Francisco Pizarro The First Spanish Conquests Peru: The Incas AtahualpaAtahualpa vs.vs.

18. Conquests made Easy? Mexico and Peru Although natives provided some resistance, conquest not too difficult Aided by diseases, modern weaponry and horses Clear what culture had the upper-hand Begins the transformation of South America into Latin America

19. Treatment of New World Inhabitants Savage (no culture) Heathen (no religion) Conquers accepted superiority of all European values, beliefs, etc. People to exploit Brutal and violent to inhabitants- some provoked, most not

20. Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar Mill

22. The “Columbian Exchange”  Squash  Avocado  Peppers  Sweet Potatoes  Turkey  Pumpkin  Tobacco  Cocoa  Pineapple  Cassava  POTATO  Peanut  TOMATO  Vanilla  MAIZE  Syphilis  Olive  COFFEE BEAN  Banana  Rice  Onion  Turnip  Honeybee  Barley  Grape  Peach  SUGAR CANE  Oats  Citrus Fruits  Pear  Wheat  HORSE  Cattle  Sheep  Pigs  Smallpox  Flu  Typhus  Measles  Malaria  Diptheria  Whooping Cough  Trinkets  Liquor  GUNS New World to Old World Old Word to New World

23. Columbian Exchange, cont Voyages of discovery created Europe’s largest and longest trading exchange as well as spur other Europeans to get involved Great wealth returned to Europe fueling a Europe-wide economic expansion Europeans introduced numerous diseases and they brought back a virulent form of syphilis Expansion of diet for both sides For natives, this began a long history of conquest, disease and slave labor Europeans impressed Catholicism, created economic dependence and established a hierarchal social structure

24. Cycle of Conquest & Colonization Explorers Conquistadores Missionaries Permanent Settlers Official European Colony!

25. Treasures from the Americas!

26. Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

27. The Slave Trade 1.Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans. 2.Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans. Sugar cane & sugar plantations. First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518. Other European nations get involved, esp. the Dutch African tribal chiefs swapped captives for horses, grain and finished goods, like cloth 3.Between 16c & 19c, about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas.

28. Slave Ship

29. “Coffin” Position Below Deck

30. African Captives Thrown Overboard

31. European Empires in the Americas

32. The Colonial Class System PeninsularesPeninsulares CreolesCreoles MestizosMestizosMulattosMulattos Native Indians Black Slaves

33. Administration of the Spanish Empire in the New World 1.Encomienda or forced labor. 2.Council of the Indies. Viceroy. Used in both New Spain and Peru. 3.Papal agreement- Treaty of Tordesillas.

34. The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 & The Pope’s Line of Demarcation

35. The Influence of the Colonial Catholic Church Guadalajara Cathedral Guadalajara Cathedral Our Lady of Guadalupe Our Lady of Guadalupe Spanish Mission Spanish Mission

36. Tension between Religious and Conquerors Although conquest necessary to help in conversion to Catholicism, religious often hated harsh treatment of natives Bartolomé de Las Casas- Dominican friar-conquest not necessary for conversion – got new royal regulations to protect Indians

37. Father Bartolomé de Las Casas New Laws --> 1550- protect the Indians

38. New Colonial Rivals 1.Portugal lacked the numbers and wealth to dominate trade in the Indian Ocean. 2.Spain in Asia  consolidated its holdings in the Philippines. 3.First English expedition to the Indies in 1591. 4.Dutch arrive in India in 1595 – will develop great shipping and trade industry.

39. New Colonial Rivals

40. Impact of European Expansion 1.Native populations ravaged by disease. 2.Influx of gold, and especially silver, into Europe created an inflationary economic climate. 3.New products introduced across the continents [“Columbian Exchange”]. 4.Deepened colonial rivalries.