1. Amendments to the U.S. Constitution

2. 11 th Amendment - 1795 First amendment created after the original ten (The Bill of Rights) Came after the decision in the court case Chisholm v. Georgia Immunity of states from lawsuits by out-of-state citizens & foreigners not living within the state borders. You cannot sue another state without their consent

3. 12 th Amendment - 1804 Changed how Presidents ran for office Presidents & Vice Presidents were voted for separately which could result in president’s and vice president’s being from different parties Ensured that the president and vice president were voted on independently from the other, making sure both positions went to candidates from the same party

4. 13 th Amendment - 1865 Came after the end of the Civil War Abolished (got rid of) Slavery Allows congress to create proper legislation to enforce the abolishment of slavery Considered the first of three reconstruction amendments

5. 14 th Amendment - 1868 Proposed in response to issues related to former slaves Citizenship is given to ANYONE born in the United States. Equal protection under the law Eliminated 3/5ths Compromise Second of Three reconstruction amendments Supreme Court case deciding same-sex marriage will be based on this amendment.

6. 15 th Amendment - 1870 The government cannot deny the right to vote to citizens based on race, color, or previous servitude Proposed by Republicans Would not be fully imposed until the Voting Rights Act of 1965 Third of three reconstruction amendments

7. 16 th Amendment – 1913 Gave the federal government the right to levy an income tax An income tax was authorized in 1894 and then found unconstitutional. In response to the verdict given by the Supreme Court, Congress created this amendment Required by those who have earned any income throughout the previous year Taxes are due on April 15 th each year

8. 17 th Amendment - 1913 Direct election of Senators People in the states would elect the Senators instead of them being appointed by the state legislatures like they had originally been under the original text in the Constitution Considered a progressive amendment The Framers to the Constitution originally wanted state legislatures to elect senators so that state governments could play a role in the federal government. This had led to many corrupt senators being chosen to represent states in the U.S. Congress

9. 18 th Amendment - 1919 Came to be based on the Progressive Era and because many states in the U.S. had already enacted statewide prohibition Prohibition – no making, selling, or purchasing alcohol. Thought consuming or private possession was not mentioned Originally considered a progressive amendment Due to this amendment the crime rate increased significantly.

10. 19 th Amendment - 1920 The government cannot deny the right to vote based on gender Originally drafted in 1878 and was sought to be included in the reconstruction amendments Created in response to women’s rights advocates In 1922 the Lesser v. Garnett Supreme Court case, the 19 th amendment was upheld Considered a progressive amendment

11. 20 th Amendment - 1933 Moved the Presidential inauguration from March 4 to January 20 Moved the terms of Congress from March 4 to January 3 Created to limit the “lame duck” period in office (where many feel the politician leaving the office has little influence) It also stated what to do when there is no President-elect

12. 21 st Amendment - 1933 Repealed the 18 th Amendment Allowed alcohol Created because the ratification of the 18 th amendment had lead to increased crime rates and was strongly opposed throughout the United States

13. 22 nd Amendment - 1951 Presidents can only be elected to two terms of office. Precedent was set by President Washington to serve no more than two terms Only President to serve more than two terms was Franklin D. Roosevelt Created after FDR died in office, a year after he was elected to his fourth term Was created to ensure the executive office would not gain too much power

14. 23 rd Amendment - 1961 Washington, D.C. is not a state therefore it was not given voting rights or representation Amendment came in response to arguments that states with lower populations than D.C. could vote but they could not Washington, D.C. is given 3 votes in the Electoral College. They can vote for President.

15. 24 th Amendment - 1964 Several states tried to get around allowing African Americans to vote by requiring them to pay unaffordable amounts in order to practice their 15 th amendment right, Congress created this amendment to combat this problem Poll taxes are not allowed.

16. 25 th Amendment - 1967 If the President dies, the Vice President takes over. Then he/she gets to select a new Vice President. Came after the assassination of President John F. Kennedy, in case the country were to see the loss of a President and Vice President

17. 26 th Amendment - 1971 18 year olds can vote! Came in response to the Vietnam War. It did not seem fair that 18 year olds were being asked to serve their country but could not vote in elections

18. 27 th Amendment - 1992 Originally proposed in 1789 Congress can give itself a raise, but it won’t take effect until a new Congress starts. A new Congress takes place every 2 years